目的：调查了解内蒙古蒙古族居民出生与死亡情况。方法：按照国家“中国少数民族人口健康素质抽样调查”的统一部署和方法，运用整群随机抽样。结果：蒙古族居民出生率１３９３‰，总死亡率８１７‰，人口自然增长率５７６‰；男性死亡率更为明显地高于女性；主要死因依次为呼吸系统、循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、神经系统疾病，损伤与中毒；婴儿死亡率接近其它地区，但窒息、产伤占较大比例。结论：蒙古族居民出生率较低，死亡率较高 Objective: To investigate the birth and death of Mongolian residents in Inner Mongolia. Methods: In accordance with the unified arrangements and methods of the National Sample Survey of Health Quality of Ethnic Minorities, a cluster random sampling was used. Results: The birth rate of Mongolian residents was 1393 ‰, the total mortality rate was 8.17%, and the natural population growth rate was 576 ‰. The male mortality rate was more obviously higher than that of women. The main causes of death were respiratory system, circulatory system diseases, Malignancies, nervous system diseases, injuries and poisoning; infant mortality rates are close to those in other regions, but asphyxia and birth trauma account for a large proportion. Conclusion: Mongolian residents have lower birth rates and higher death rates