Objective: To examine fertility, reproductive outcomes, and determinants of fertility after laparoscopic segmental colorectal resection for endometriosis. Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: Tertiary university gynecology unit. Patient(s): The study population consisted of 34 women with colorectal endometriosis, of whom 22 wished to conceive. Demographic, surgical, and histological characteristics of 10 women who conceived were compared with those of 12 women who failed to conceive. Intervention(s): Laparoscopic colorectal resection for endometriosis. Main Outcome Measure(s): Rates of pregnancy and live birth. Result(s): Mean follow-up after segmental colorectal resection was 24 months (range 6-42 months), and the pregnancy rate was 45.5%. The median time to conceive was 8 months (range 3-13 months). Twelve pregnancies occurred in 10 women, comprising nine spontaneous singleton pregnancies (7 vaginal deliveries, 1 cesarean section, and 1 ongoing pregnancy), and three pregnancies obtained by IVF (one miscarriage, one ongoing twin pregnancy, and one triplet pregnancy necessitating cesarean section at 29 weeks for premature rupture of the membranes, with two surviving infants). The live birth rate was 82%. The women who did and did not conceive did not differ in terms of mean follow-up, mean age, body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking, use and duration of oral contraception (OC), duration of infertility, or the length of the resected colorectal segment. Uterine adenomyosis was the main determinant of pregnancy after colorectal resection. Conclusion(s): These preliminary results suggest that extensive laparoscopic segmental colorectal resection for endometriosis can enhance fertility, with high rates of spontaneous pregnancy and live birth. Objective: To examine fertility, reproductive outcomes, and determinants of fertility after laparoscopic segmental colorectal resection for endometriosis. Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: Tertiary university gynecology unit. Patient (s): The study population consisted of 34 women with colorectal endometriosis, of whom 22 wished to conceive. Demographic, surgical, and histological characteristics of 10 women who conceived were compared with those of 12 women who failed to conceive. Intervention (s): Laparoscopic colorectal resection for endometriosis. Main Outcome Measure (s): Rates of pregnancy and live birth. Result (s): Mean follow-up after segmental colorectal resection was 24 months (range 6-42 months), and the pregnancy rate was 45.5%. The median time to conceive was 8 months 13 months). Twelve pregnancies occurred in 10 women, including nine spontaneous singleton pregnancies (7 vaginal deliveries, 1 cesarean section, and 1 ongoing pregnancy), and three pre gnancies obtained by IVF (one miscarriage, one ongoing twin pregnancy, and one triplet pregnancy necessitating cesarean section at 29 weeks for premature rupture of the membranes, with two surviving infants). The live birth rate was 82%. The women who did and did did not conceive did not differ in terms of mean follow-up, mean age, body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking, use and duration of oral contraception (OC), duration of infertility, or the length of the resected colorectal segment. Conclusion (s): These preliminary results suggest that extensive laparoscopic segmental colorectal resection for endometriosis can enhance fertility, with high rates of spontaneous pregnancy and live birth.