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【Abstract】It is a comment on the English version of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China under the guidance of professor Li’s principles of legal translation. It first gives the introduction to the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China， then presents the stylistic and linguistic features of legal English， finally and most importantly makes an attempt to judge the merits and defects in the English version of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China so as to better the legal document translation in China.
【Key words】comment； legal document C-E translation； features of legal English； legal translation principles
1. Introduction
On 29th December1993， the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China was adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress. This is the first company law in the real sense in the history of the New China. It consists of 11 chapters. Chapter Ⅰis general provisions. Chapter Ⅱ and Chapter Ⅲ provide the incorporation and organizational structure of limited liability companies and Joint stock limited companies. Chapter Ⅳ is about the issue and transfer of shares of joint stock limited companies. Chapter Ⅴ to Chapter Ⅷ deal with articles about bonds， financial affairs and accounting， merger and division， bankruptcy， dissolution and liquidation of companies. This law has played an important role in establishing a modern market mechanism and modern business system， and in promoting healthy development of the economy. Chapter Ⅸ includes provisions about branches of foreign companies. Chapter Ⅹ stipulates legal liability and chapter Ⅺ is supplementary provisions.
2. Features of legal English
Legal language， unlike other professional languages， reaches the highest level of standardization in a country. It has its own special features which require translators to be acquainted with its stylistic and linguistic features.
The style of legal texts is solemn and rigid. It must provide people with clear and accurate provisions to stipulate what rights they can enjoy and what obligations they shall take with. There should be no ambiguity in expressions as well as no redundant words in each sentence. To meet this requirement， the legal words have to be precise， terse and concise in terms of stylistic. In addition， the reasonable and standard formula is necessary for legal documents. In order to have an atmosphere of solemnity， the legal English sentences should avoid using descriptive modifiers and tend to use narrative and imperative sentences to indicate the objectivity and the binding force of rules and regulations. In other words， it means that the legal English has another one feature in its style， which is impersonality in writing. 3. Merits and defects in the English version of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
Li Kexing has proposed six principles in legal translation in his book Legal Translation： Theoretical and Practical Approach： accuracy and precision， consistency and identity， clarity and concision， professionalism， standardized language， and team work. All of them are still significant principles in professor Li’s theory of legal translation. （Li， 2007： 46） However， the last three principles are not appropriate here to make a judgment about the C-E translation of a company law.
3.1 Merits in the English version of Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
In the English version of the Company Law， most words are so well translated that their intended meanings correspond precisely with that of their Chinese original and most sentences are clear and brief. It meets the following three principles.
Accuracy and precision in the translation of law words is the first strong point. For example，
Original text： 第八条 设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。……
Translated text： Article 8 Incorporation of limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies must meet the conditions stipulated by the present Law. …
The word “设立” is usually translated into “establish”， “found” or “set up” in general English. But here the translator chooses “incorporation”， for “incorporation” means “the act or process of forming or creating a corporation”， so here， it is most appropriately used.
Then it has something of consistency and identity. According to Li Kexing， identity refers to “用同一词汇表达同一法律概念或思想”，Consistency means“在整个法律文献中自始自终要保持关键字用词的一致性，并要求与有关管辖法律中对该关键字的释义保持一致”. （Li， 2007： 51） In the English version， for example， “公司章程” is always translated into “Articles of association” by the translator， “出资” into “capital contributions”， etc.
With the movement of using plain language in English countries， the legal documents should also use plain language. In this sense， long and complicated sentence is becoming a weak point of the law language， which now advocates brief and precise expressions. In this English version， the translator attempts to arrive at clarity and concision. For example，
Original text： 第十四條 公司从事经营活动，必须遵守法律，遵守职业道德，加强社会主义精神文明建设，接受政府和社会公众的监督。
Translated text： Article 14 A company must， when engaging in business activities， abide by the law， observe professional ethics， strengthen the construction of socialist culture and ideology and accept supervision of the government and the public. Here， the translator uses a non-finite verb instead of a clause to express the original sentence “公司從事经营活动”. It does make the whole sentence structure more simple and brief.
3.2 Defects in the English version of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
Apart from the merits of the English version of the Company Law， there are also several obvious defects， such as the abuse of modal auxiliary verb “shall”， unidiomatic expressions of some legal terminologies， and the lack of brevity and terseness.
The phenomenon of abusing of auxiliary verb “shall” does exist in most of legal English translations， which has been noticed in English countries. In order to control this trend， a writing handbook， named Writing User-friendly Documents which is published by American Plain Language Action
【Key words】comment； legal document C-E translation； features of legal English； legal translation principles
1. Introduction
On 29th December1993， the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China was adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress. This is the first company law in the real sense in the history of the New China. It consists of 11 chapters. Chapter Ⅰis general provisions. Chapter Ⅱ and Chapter Ⅲ provide the incorporation and organizational structure of limited liability companies and Joint stock limited companies. Chapter Ⅳ is about the issue and transfer of shares of joint stock limited companies. Chapter Ⅴ to Chapter Ⅷ deal with articles about bonds， financial affairs and accounting， merger and division， bankruptcy， dissolution and liquidation of companies. This law has played an important role in establishing a modern market mechanism and modern business system， and in promoting healthy development of the economy. Chapter Ⅸ includes provisions about branches of foreign companies. Chapter Ⅹ stipulates legal liability and chapter Ⅺ is supplementary provisions.
2. Features of legal English
Legal language， unlike other professional languages， reaches the highest level of standardization in a country. It has its own special features which require translators to be acquainted with its stylistic and linguistic features.
The style of legal texts is solemn and rigid. It must provide people with clear and accurate provisions to stipulate what rights they can enjoy and what obligations they shall take with. There should be no ambiguity in expressions as well as no redundant words in each sentence. To meet this requirement， the legal words have to be precise， terse and concise in terms of stylistic. In addition， the reasonable and standard formula is necessary for legal documents. In order to have an atmosphere of solemnity， the legal English sentences should avoid using descriptive modifiers and tend to use narrative and imperative sentences to indicate the objectivity and the binding force of rules and regulations. In other words， it means that the legal English has another one feature in its style， which is impersonality in writing. 3. Merits and defects in the English version of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
Li Kexing has proposed six principles in legal translation in his book Legal Translation： Theoretical and Practical Approach： accuracy and precision， consistency and identity， clarity and concision， professionalism， standardized language， and team work. All of them are still significant principles in professor Li’s theory of legal translation. （Li， 2007： 46） However， the last three principles are not appropriate here to make a judgment about the C-E translation of a company law.
3.1 Merits in the English version of Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
In the English version of the Company Law， most words are so well translated that their intended meanings correspond precisely with that of their Chinese original and most sentences are clear and brief. It meets the following three principles.
Accuracy and precision in the translation of law words is the first strong point. For example，
Original text： 第八条 设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。……
Translated text： Article 8 Incorporation of limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies must meet the conditions stipulated by the present Law. …
The word “设立” is usually translated into “establish”， “found” or “set up” in general English. But here the translator chooses “incorporation”， for “incorporation” means “the act or process of forming or creating a corporation”， so here， it is most appropriately used.
Then it has something of consistency and identity. According to Li Kexing， identity refers to “用同一词汇表达同一法律概念或思想”，Consistency means“在整个法律文献中自始自终要保持关键字用词的一致性，并要求与有关管辖法律中对该关键字的释义保持一致”. （Li， 2007： 51） In the English version， for example， “公司章程” is always translated into “Articles of association” by the translator， “出资” into “capital contributions”， etc.
With the movement of using plain language in English countries， the legal documents should also use plain language. In this sense， long and complicated sentence is becoming a weak point of the law language， which now advocates brief and precise expressions. In this English version， the translator attempts to arrive at clarity and concision. For example，
Original text： 第十四條 公司从事经营活动，必须遵守法律，遵守职业道德，加强社会主义精神文明建设，接受政府和社会公众的监督。
Translated text： Article 14 A company must， when engaging in business activities， abide by the law， observe professional ethics， strengthen the construction of socialist culture and ideology and accept supervision of the government and the public. Here， the translator uses a non-finite verb instead of a clause to express the original sentence “公司從事经营活动”. It does make the whole sentence structure more simple and brief.
3.2 Defects in the English version of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
Apart from the merits of the English version of the Company Law， there are also several obvious defects， such as the abuse of modal auxiliary verb “shall”， unidiomatic expressions of some legal terminologies， and the lack of brevity and terseness.
The phenomenon of abusing of auxiliary verb “shall” does exist in most of legal English translations， which has been noticed in English countries. In order to control this trend， a writing handbook， named Writing User-friendly Documents which is published by American Plain Language Action