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蛋白质是生命的物质基础,在生物体中行驶着极为重要的功能,各种细胞活动和生命过程的发生都需要蛋白质的参与。例如,DNA复制转录,RNA翻译,以及信号传导等过程中发挥关键作用的聚合酶、翻译复合物、信号传导受体等都是蛋白质。正常细胞体内的所有蛋白质都由20种天然存在的氨基酸组成,它们通过立体构象变化及翻译后修饰等来控制其功能的发挥。而在实际应用中,学者们为了实现不同的研究目的,发展了很多在蛋白质中引入20种自然氨基酸之外的非自然氨基酸(unnatural amino acid,UAA)的方法,如化学修饰合成、体外翻译、遗传密码扩展等,从而将蛋白质的性质根据研究和应用的需要进行拓展。本文综述了各类化学与生物中引入非自然氨基酸的方法,并介绍了非自然氨基酸在化学生物学研究中的最新应用。
Proteins are the material basis of life, driving vital functions in living organisms. The participation of proteins is required for the occurrence of various cellular activities and life processes. For example, DNA replication transcription, RNA translation, and signal transduction process play a key role in the polymerase, translation complexes, signaling receptors are all proteins. All proteins in normal cells consist of 20 naturally occurring amino acids that control their function through changes in their stereospecies and posttranslational modifications. However, in practical application, scholars have developed many methods for introducing unnatural amino acids (NAs) other than the 20 natural amino acids into proteins in order to achieve different research purposes, such as chemical modification and synthesis, in vitro translation, Genetic code expansion, etc., so that the nature of the protein according to the research and application needs to be expanded. This article reviews the methods for introducing unnatural amino acids into various types of chemicals and organisms and introduces the latest applications of unnatural amino acids in chemical biology.