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(一)公元前3000年,苏美尔人发明了文字。但他们没有可供书写的载体,只得把文字写在地上。后来,埃及人发明了纸莎草纸。这种以尼罗河芦苇为原料的纸张,廉价轻巧,但很脆弱,在罗马这样的湿润地区会很快被分解,因此它并不适合做书籍材料。托勒密王朝想垄断纸张,禁止纸莎草纸的出口。聪明的帕加马人很快想出对策,他们用晒干、去毛、打磨好的绵羊皮,制造出了柔韧耐用的羊皮纸。直到此时,无论文字、纸张,还是书籍,或被统治者限制,或因造价昂贵,只有贵族才能享用。被纸张负载的信息知识也因此很少能被平民大众所接触,阅读是优雅而珍贵的,专属于精英阶层。
(A) 3000 BC, the Sumerians invented the text. But they do not have a vehicle for writing, they have to write the text on the ground. Later, the Egyptians invented papyrus. This Nile reed-based paper is cheap, yet fragile, and quickly decomposes in wet areas like Rome, making it unsuitable for book materials. Ptolemaic dynasty wanted to monopolize paper, banned the export of papyrus. Clever Pachamas soon came up with countermeasures, using sun-dried, hairy, polished sheepskin to make pliable, durable parchments. Until this time, no matter whether it is writing, paper, or books, or being ruled by rulers, or expensive, only aristocrats can enjoy it. As a result, the knowledge of the load of paper is seldom touched by the civilian population. Reading is elegant and precious, and is exclusively for the elite.