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目前,企业高负债经营较为普遍。据统计,1993年末,国有工业企业的资产负债率为68.2％,扣除未弥补亏损、潜亏挂账及各种资产损失后的实际比重约为76％。在1994年已完成资产清查的12.4万户工商企业中,资产总额为4137.1亿元,负债总额为31047亿元,平均负债率74.3％。全国企业占用的流动资金的负债率高达90%以上。有些企业(特别是商业企业)由于亏损和各种资产损失,已资不抵债。 高负债经营使企业背上了沉重的利息包袱。目前,国有企业的贷款达12000多亿元,仅利息每年就千亿元以上。由于企业资本金比例偏低,不仅缺乏发展后劲,在国内国际市场上没有竞争力,而且也不利于现代企业制度的建立。 企业的高额负债不仅给自身造成沉重负但,而且也给银行的贷款管理带来许多不利影响,如造成信贷资产的大量沉淀和严重流失、银行贷款经营风险加大、贷款制度难以执行等。造成上述问题的原因是多方面的,诸如投资主体弱化及融资方式单一、企业自身“造血”功能不健全、财政体制和其他外部环境的影响以及现行资金管理体制存在的弊端等。
At present, corporate debt management is more common. According to statistics, at the end of 1993, the ratio of assets and liabilities of state-owned industrial enterprises was 68.2%, accounting for about 76% of the total actual deducted losses, loss of underlying liabilities and various assets. Of the 124,000 industrial and commercial enterprises that completed the asset check in 1994, the total assets were 413.71 billion yuan, the total liabilities were 3.1047 trillion yuan, and the average debt ratio was 74.3%. The liquidity of enterprises occupied by the national debt ratio as high as 90%. Some enterprises (especially commercial enterprises) are insolvent because of losses and various asset losses. High debt management companies back a heavy burden of interest. At present, the loans of state-owned enterprises have reached more than 1.2 trillion yuan, with interest alone reaching over 100 billion yuan each year. Due to the low proportion of corporate capital, not only lack of development potential, in the domestic and international markets are not competitive, but also not conducive to the establishment of a modern enterprise system. The high liabilities of enterprises not only cause heavy negative to themselves, but also bring many adverse effects to the loan management of banks. For example, a great deal of precipitation and serious loss of credit assets, increased risk management of bank loans and implementation of loan system are difficult. The reasons for the above problems are manifold, such as the weakening of investor body, the single mode of financing, the imperfect function of “hematopoiesis” of the enterprise itself, the impact of the financial system and other external environments, and the existing shortcomings of the existing fund management system.