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一次大战以来的历史是人类自我控制的幻想不断破灭的历史。二次大战后,公众对传记、自传、自然科学及历史的兴趣日益增加。于是阐述人类社会历史是什么,推动人类前进的力量是什么的任务就从文学家转移到历史学家的身上。历史学家要使公众对历史有深刻的理解,就必须把交流看作是一门艺术。历史学家的任务除了满足公众的要求和提供关于人类生存的深刻见解外,还包括:调查和研究、说教和论述、记叙和交流。重视直观的史学家能获得对很久以前的事件的理解。对历史学家来说,所谓“纯客观”、“无倾向性”是不存在的。所谓客观,只是表现在尽可能多地了解与双方的动机、情况有关的材料,在陈述时,则持最大的同情态度。倾向性是史学家运用判断的产物,是史学家洞察事物的源泉。不掌握语言的特殊能力,单是幻想、经验和知识还是不能成为伟大的史学家。同时,史学家还必须具备区别事物是否有意义的能力。最后,史学家还得运用想象,以获得身临其境的效果。当前电子计算机、计量学等新技术的采用,只能拓宽思维道路,但不可能将历史变成一门自然科学。
History since World War I has been a constant and shattered history of human-controlled fantasy. After the Second World War, public interest in biographies, biographies, natural sciences and history increased. The task of elaborating what the history of human society is and of the forces that advance humankind has shifted from the writer to the historian. To make the public have a profound understanding of history, historians must regard communication as an art. In addition to meeting the public’s demands and providing insightful insights into human existence, the historian’s tasks include investigation and research, preaching and discussion, narrative and exchange. Historians who value intuition gain an understanding of the events of a long time ago. For historians, so-called “purely objective” and “non-directional” do not exist. The so-called objective, but manifested in understanding as much as possible with the motives of both parties, the situation related materials, the statement, then held the greatest sympathy. Tendency is the product of historians’ use of judgment, which is the source of insight for historians. Not mastery of the special abilities of language, fantasy, experience, and knowledge alone can not be great historians. At the same time, historians must also have the ability to distinguish whether something is meaningful or not. Finally, historians have to use the imagination to get the immersive effect. The current adoption of new technologies such as computers and metrology can only broaden the path of thinking, but it is impossible to turn history into a natural science.