考古学的新发现和古文字解读的新成就,令人信服地说明:早期文明的类型,是在原始时期末期被历史进程推上历史舞台的,它们是一种特殊的划时代的现象,既发生在旧大陆,也发生在新大陆。古代东方从美索不达米亚往东,文明中心的整个序列正在显露,①对于古代文明形成时期的研究已取得重大的成就,其中关于秘鲁地区的研究成就特别令人瞩目。②应当指出,近年来变得非常普及的“文明”这个术语,往往被解释为,在最广泛的意义上,它彷佛是“发达文化”这个概念的同义词。例如,有时指新石器文明、牧人文明、弓箭文明或枪矛文明。③看来,这不过是一种不能令人满意的说法。如恩格斯指出的,古代文明作为社 New discoveries in archeology and new achievements in the interpretation of ancient Chinese characters convincingly demonstrate that the type of early civilization was pushed onto the stage of history by the historical process at the end of the primitive period. They are a special epoch-making phenomenon that occurs both The old continent, also occurred in the New World. The entire sequence of the ancient East from Mesopotamia to the east and the Center of Civilization is being revealed. (1) Significant achievements have been made in the study of the formation of ancient civilizations. Among them, remarkable achievements have been made in the study of the Peruvian region. It should be noted that the term “civilized”, which has become very popular in recent years, is often interpreted as synonymous with the concept of “developed culture” in the broadest sense. For example, sometimes refers to Neolithic civilization, shepherd civilization, bow civilization or gun spear civilization. It seems that this is only an unsatisfactory statement. As Engels pointed out, ancient civilizations serve as a community