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Abstract Pesticide packaging wastes pose a serious hazard to the agricultural production environment and the quality of agricultural products. The investigation for 2 consecutive years in Jietou Region of Tengchong County， a major tobacco planting area in Yunan， showed that： ① More than 80% of the pesticides purchased by farmers were used for tobacco cultivation， which was 4 times that of conventional crops planting， and most of the packaging materials were plastic bags； ② The main way for farmers to dispose plastic bags was to burn or discard them in the field garbage collection baskets； ③ In combination with field surveys， an average of 4.54 pieces of pesticide packaging wastes were scattered around every 667 m2 of tobacco field. In addition， the number reduced significantly after carrying out pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project at the local smoke station. At the same time， the average number of pesticide packaging wastes in the field collection baskets increased. Therefore， it can effectively control pesticide packaging wastes by changing the type of pesticide packaging， encouraging the establishment of recycling system and strengthening the cognitive training of farmers.
Key words Pesticide packaging wastes； Disposal； Status quo； Countermeasures
Pesticides are the most fundamental means of production for agriculture， which relate to the safety of agricultural products and the sustainability of agricultural production[1]. Pesticide wastes， especially wastes from packaging containers， have severely affected the ecological environment and the quality and safety of agricultural products due to the lack of effective management models.
According to statistics， there are about 10 billion pieces of pesticide packages required each year in China， of which more than 3 billion pieces are discarded by farmers in ponds， rivers， and fields after using[2]. The residual pesticides in these waste packages volatilize spontaneously in the hot summer or fall into the ground through rain wash， causing water and soil pollution， which directly endangers human health. After eaten by animals， the residual pesticides can be gradually accumulated when passing through the food chain and eventually threaten peoples body health. At the same time， some plastic packaging bottles and bags containing highmolecular resins are not easily degraded in the natural environment， causing serious chemical pollution to the soil environment and greatly affecting the growth of crops. Moreover， after the waste glass bottles are broken， they may injure farmers when working in the fields[3-7]. Therefore， in recent years， the Chinese government has successively promulgated the "Notice on Arrangements for Soil Environmental Protection and Comprehensive Control Work Arrangements" and "Administrative Measures on the Recycling and Treatment of Pesticide Packaging Wastes"， hoping to strengthen the control of pesticide packaging wastes and improve the rural environmental sanitation status.
Research Progress on Pesticide Packaging Wastes Disposal
Rapid increase in the number of studies
Taking the "pesticide packaging wastes" and "pesticide waste package" as the key words respectively， a total of 144 related articles published from 1997 to 2016 can be found in the China Knowledge Network Database （CNKI）. The variation of the number of annual publishing articles show that the research related with pesticide packaging wastes has risen only in recent 10 years， especially after 2013， when the General Office of the State Council promulgated the "Notice on Arrangements for Soil Environmental Protection and Comprehensive Control Work Arrangements"， the related literature data has increased dramatically.
Unitary research level
Further analysis on the 144 articles shows that more than half of the articles only discuss the technical guidance for the industry， and there are few studies on the basic survey and policy formulation. The fact reflects the lack of empirical evidence on pesticide packaging wastes in China， which is not conducive to the promotion and implementation of relevant policies.
Purpose and significance of this study
Yunnan is a major tobacco planting province in China， and the tobacco industry is also one of the most important economic pillars in Yunnan Province[8]. Under the influence of controlled tobacco policies in recent years， the tobacco planting area in Yunnan Province has dropped significantly. However， in 2016 alone， the whole province of Yunnan still purchased 8.448 8 × 106 kg of fluecured tobacco， achieved a sales income of 24.8 billion Yuan for tobacco farmers， 5.46 billion Yuan for tobacco taxes， and 29 900 Yuan per household for tobacco sales. In addition， tobacco cultivation is different from the cultivation of other crops. The relevant agricultural products used by farmers have a unified list of recommendations and a collective procurement system； and tobacco field management also has various types of good management practices， often becoming the model for the establishment of a standard for field cultivation system. Therefore， this study conducted an indepth investigation of the current situation of production and disposal of pesticide packaging wastes in tobacco cultivation in the main producing areas of Yunnan. It aims to put forward a corresponding technical program for the recycling and disposal of pesticide packaging wastes according to the practical reality and to make contributions to the further management of pesticide packaging wastes in China.
Methods
Field work
Based on the Science and Technology Planning Project for the "Technology Integration and Application of Nontobacco Related Material Control for Fluecured Tobacco Production" undertaken by Yunnan Tobacco Import and Export Co.， Ltd. and Kunming University， the investigation team carried out twice surveys on tobaccorelated pesticide packaging wastes in Shaba area， Jietou Town， Tengchong County from July 20 to August 6， 2015 and from July 17 to July 22， 2016 respectively.
Investigation contents
The research work mainly included the survey on rural households and survey on tobacco field. The rural household survey mainly focused on the pesticide products purchased by farmers in the current season， and inquiries and records were made to the usage and disposal of the pesticide products according to the types of packaging materials. Tobacco field survey was to make statistics to the number of pesticide packaging wastes discarded in fields and in the garbage collection baskets around the fields through the spot investigation in the fields.
Data collection and analysis
In two years， the survey completed a total of 285 households， 251 tobacco fields， and 40 field garbage collection baskets （Table 1）.
Results and Analysis
Pesticides purchased by farmers
Among the 285 tobacco farmers interviewed in the Shaba area， the largest tobacco planting contract area was 1.33 hm2， and the average planting area per household was 0.62 hm2. The total amount of pesticide purchases by farmers was 480 pieces at most， and the average purchase per household was 140 pieces； among them， the number of pesticides used for tobacco cultivation accounted for 84.2% of the total purchases （Fig. 3）.
Among the pesticides purchased by farmers， the number of plastic bags was the largest， while the number of glass bottles was the least. However， almost all the pesticides with glass bottle packages were used exclusively in tobacco cultivation. In addition， due to the influence of the planting area， there was a big difference in the quantity of various types of packaged pesticides purchased by each household and the number of pesticide packages used for tobacco cultivation. Pesticides application situation by farmers
As shown in Fig. 4， the average pesticide application amount of farmers in the growing season of fluecured tobacco was 12.53 pieces/667 m2， while the average application rate of pesticides in rice， corn and other crops was 3.86 pieces/667 m2. The amount of pesticide needed to grow fluecured tobacco was more than three times that of other crops. There was also a great difference in the number of pesticides applied per unit area of the interviewed farmers， and the difference was even bigger in the cultivation of other corps， indicating that farmers were rather arbitrary when using pesticides.
Disposal of various pesticide packaging wastes by tobacco farmers
Farmers took different approaches to dispose different types of packaging wastes. Plastic bags and plastic bottle packages were mainly incinerated or thrown into field garbage collection baskets； most of the glass bottle packages were discarded into the collection baskets or buried deeply for the fear of injure people when broken. All kinds of packages may also be discarded to the fields， rivers， place with no people or brought back to their own homes （Fig. 5）.
Pesticide packaging wastes scattered around the fields
As shown in Fig. 6， the number of pesticide packaging wastes scattered around the fields reached an average of 4.54 pieces/667 m2. In addition， there was a large difference between fields. There were far more pesticide packaging wastes found in the fields farther away from the road or on the canal side than in the fields near the road. Most of the pesticide packaging wastes scattered in the fields were small waste plastic bags.
The 2016 survey found the same trend as in 2015. However， as the local government of the project area organized several field waste collection activities in the year， the number of scattered wastes found in the fields in 2016 was significantly reduced.
Pesticide packaging wastes in field collection baskets
As shown in Fig. 7， the average number of pesticide packaging wastes found in each field garbage collection baskets in 2015 totaled 47.3 pieces. Among them， the number of plastic bags was the largest， reached up to 80.3%， followed by packages of plastic bottles and glass bottles.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
The average number of packaging wastes collected in the field garbage collection baskets in 2016 far exceeded the that in 2015， reaching 85 pieces per basket. However， there was no big difference in the number of plastic bags， which was 40 pieces per basket， while the number of glass bottles and plastic bottles increased a lot. Moreover， damaged plastic film was also found in the basket. In addition， the major waste packages found along the fields were from the products of triadimefon， butralin， emamectin benzoate， lambdacyhalothrin， streptomycin， qingkuling， imidacloprid and donin. Most of these pesticides were used on tobacco.
Discussion
Comparison of field pesticide packaging wastes with other areas in China
According to the survey， the pesticide packaging wastes were 10-14 pieces/667 m2 in the farmland in Beijing[9]， and 5-10 pieces/667 m2 in the fields in Jiangxi[10]. In the research area of Yunnan， the number was about 5 pieces/667 m2. Compared with the situation in other areas in China， the number of packaging wastes from farmers was relatively smaller in the research area. The reason was that the local tobacco collection station had carried out the pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project， and placed garbage collection baskets in the fields. Some environmentalconscious farmers would throw the pesticide packaging wastes into the garbage collection baskets. However， there were still some scattered pesticide packaging wastes in the fields， indicating that some farmers still lacked the awareness of environmental protection.
Comparison of the disposal status of field pesticide packaging wastes with other regions in China
In the survey conducted in Jiaxing， Zhejiang Province， 42.5% of the farmers still threw pesticide bottles in the fields or in the river after applying pesticides in the fields[11]. The investigation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region found that 44.7% of the people directly dumped the wastes into water channels， 41% directly dumped into the fields， and 14.4% of the people dumped the wastes beside wells[12]. By contrast， more than 60% of farmers in the research area of this study chose to burn and discard the wastes into field collection baskets.
Comparison of pesticide packaging wastes recycling and disposal status with other regions in China and foreign countries
Currently， there is no special recycling method for pesticide packaging wastes in the survey area of this study， which mainly relies on the collection baskets in the fields， followed by harmless incineration. Compared with this， in Beijing， 4 types of packaging waste recycling modes have been adopted， namely， paid replacement mode， cash recycling mode， plain area recycling mode， and mountainous area mode， where waste packaging bags， bottles， and barrels are collected and classified at fixed points， and then disposed together[13]. In Zhejiang Province， special funds have been set up for the recycling of pesticide packaging wastes， and the quota recycling has been done to the wastes according to different types of packages， achieving a complete coordinated recycling process from pesticide users， pesticide sales outlets， pesticide wholesale companies to harmless incineration[14]. In Anhui， the "farmer collecting， village recycling and street transferring" mode is adopted， and the collected pesticide packaging wastes are proceeded with harmless treatment after compressing and transporting to the waste incineration power plant[15]. Therefore， the disposal methods of pesticide packaging wastes in other regions of China is the same as that in this study， but adding some incentives to improve the recycling rate of pesticide packaging wastes. However， unlike incinerationoriented disposal in China， the main disposal methods in foreign countries focus on recycling and reusing. For example， in Brazil， the recycled materials are widely used in construction， sanitation， automobile and other industries[16]； in Canada， growers use plastic bottles of uniform specifications， and the used packages are bought back by the government and made into highway barriers after centralized cutting and shredding[17-20]； in Germany， the users are required users to clean empty bottles and return them to recycling centers， and hand them to special companies for processing， to make them available in cement kiln treatment or converting plastic to ethanol[21].
Conclusions and Control Countermeasures
Conclusion
After 2 consecutive years of survey in Jietou Tobacco Planting Area of Tengchong， Yunnan， it is found that （1） More than 80% of the pesticides purchased by farmers were used for tobacco cultivation， which was 4 times that of conventional crops planting， and most of the packaging materials were plastic bags； （2） The main way for farmers to dispose plastic bags was to burn or discard them in the field garbage collection baskets； （3） In combination with field surveys， an average of 4.54 pieces of pesticide packaging wastes were scattered around every 667 m2 of tobacco field. In addition， the number reduced significantly after carrying out pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project at the local tobacco collection station. At the same time， the average number of pesticide packaging wastes in the field collection baskets increased. Therefore， it can effectively control pesticide packaging wastes by changing the type of pesticide packaging， encouraging the establishment of recycling system and strengthening the cognitive training of farmers.
The recycling of pesticide packaging wastes has important significance for ecological protection and the protection of human and livestock safety. Pesticide packaging wastes disposal is a systematic project. It involves pesticide production and management companies， and it also involves a large number of farmers. The agricultural production practices of various countries in the world have proved that to ensure the safe production and supply of agriculture， pesticides are indispensable[16]. At present， food safety has become a common concern of the Chinese government and the public. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is becoming a key area of agricultural environmental governance. Standardized management of pesticide packaging wastes has gradually attracted the attention of the government and the public. With the development of science and technology and the enhancement of peoples awareness of environmental protection， the scientific use of pesticides， and standardized management of pesticide packaging wastes will also become important measures to improve rural ecological environment， build ecological civilization， and promote sustainable economic and social development in rural areas. In Yunnan， the pesticide packaging wastes generated from tobacco production will be much higher than that of traditional crop production， so it is necessary to conduct standardized management. Countermeasures
Promulgating related laws and regulations
Starting from the laws， regulations， and systems， we should carry out a comprehensive investigation of the status of pesticide wastes， and formulate regulations for the management of pesticide waste that are practical and easy to operate. Provisions should also be made for the production and use of pesticide packaging， the main body of management， rights and obligations， funding， specific recycling methods， supervision and management measures， and legal responsibilities， so as to make it possible to follow regulations for handling pesticide packaging wastes.
Formulating regulations for the use and management of pesticides in tobacco producing areas
The packaging materials and specifications for pesticides used in production should be gradually regulated based on the agreements between pesticide production companies and local suppliers and suppliers， as well as education and training for farmers.
Establishing recycling system
We should explore the establish the pesticide packaging waste recycling mode dominant by pesticide production enterprises， recycled by farmers and sellers and disposed by professional companies， and the recycling system guided with government policies， supported by financial funds and operated by business markets[22]. The government should set up special subsidy funds for pesticide waste packaging， formulate detailed and standard methods for the management of subsidy funds， establish financial incentive mechanisms， and stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers， sellers， professional disposal companies， and other relevant entities to recycle and dispose of waste pesticide packaging materials， such as the paid classification and recycling of pesticide packaging wastes in fields. Through setting up collection points， the mode of "physical exchange" or "pricing recycling" can be adopted to organize local residents to clean up pesticide packaging wastes in the field.
Creating an innovative model for recycling and disposing pesticide packaging wastes in tobacco producing areas
Through the cooperation with scientific research institutes， we should make research on the recycling requirements and reusing technologies of major pesticide packaging materials in tobacco production， and achieve the sustainable management of pesticide packaging wastes in tobacco production through technology promotion， so as to realize the unity of social， economic and ecological benefits. Scientifically disposing pesticide packaging wastes
In some developed countries in the European Union， the major way to dispose of pesticide wastes （mainly pesticide packaging） is to adopt high temperature incineration or deep burying. However， in Germany， mandatory measures are taken to require pesticide producers to be responsible for the recycling of empty pesticide containers and forbid burning in fields and farms[23-25]. Britain， Italy and some other European countries have also adopted a similar approach. At present， the use of coprocessing technologies in hightemperature incineration and cement production processes is widely used in the world to dispose of pesticide wastes[26]. More than 70% of pesticide wastes in EU countries are treated using cement kiln coprocessing technology[27]. In China， the industrialized treatment of pesticide wastes has just begun. On December 16， 2007， the Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals， the Ministry of Agriculture organized an activity to destroy highly toxic and waste pesticide products at Huaxin Cement Plant in Hubei Province. A total of 130 t of waste pesticides and pesticidecontaminated pesticide packaging were destroyed in this activity. This activity symbolizes the beginning of industrialized treatment of hightoxic pesticides and pesticide packages in China[28]. The industrialized treatment of pesticide wastes involves a series of problems such as disposal facilities， treatment processes， and recontamination of gases generated after treatment. Therefore， it is necessary to carry out indepth research in this regard. In addition to the introduction of advanced treatment technologies， it is also necessary to study industrialized treatment technologies that are in line with Chinas actual conditions and avoid recontamination during the treatment of pesticide wastes.
Strengthening environmental protection awareness promotion
Farmers are the main body in the use of pesticides and the production of pesticide packaging wastes. It is necessary to strengthen the training of farmers in the scientific use of pesticide technology， carry out publicity on the hazards of pesticide packaging wastes， strengthen the necessity of waste recycling and disposal， improve farmers scientific use of pesticides and awareness of environmental protection， and increase farmers awareness of sustainable agricultural development. It is also important to let them understand the harm caused by pesticide wastes to agricultural production and life， educate them not to dump pesticide waste anywhere and not to throw pesticide packaging anywhere， increase their scientific use level of pesticide， and increase their environmental awareness， so as to improve agricultural production efficiency， achieve sustainable agricultural development， and build a new socialist countryside. References
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[2]YI HF. Recycling and management of pesticide package waste[J]. Agricultural Science & Technology and Equipment， 2016（11）： 80-81.
[3]WANG YW. Recycling mode and experience of pesticide packaging waste in Zhejiang Province[J]. West Leather， 2016（20）： 132-133.
[4]News in Brief. Recycling and disposal of pesticide packaging waste in Fuyang District， Hangzhou City， Zhejiang Province[J]. Recyclable Resources and Circular Economy， 2016（4）： 41.
[5]WANG ZJ， LIU J， WANG YQ. Analysis of farmers participation in recycling model of pesticide packaging waste[J]. China Science & Technology Information， 2016（1）： 20-22， 12.
[6]XU SX. Status survey and countermeasures of pesticide packaging waste in Jinxi County[J]. Modern Horticulture， 2015（21）： 118+17.
[7]HAN XQ， YANG DS. Research advances on pesticide packaging waste[J]. Pesticide Science and Administration， 2015（9）： 11-15.
[8]ZHENG QW. Ministry of Environmental Protection： Cancellation of the renewed registration of pesticides without recycling of pesticide packaging waste[J]. Shandong Pesticide news， 2015（3）： 34.
[9]WANG JW. The Ministry of Environmental Protection will promulgate the "Administrative Measures on the Recycling of Pesticide Packaging waste" pesticide companies trying to cope with it in advance[J]. Pesticide Market News， 2015（13）： 17-18.
[10]LUO CA， ZHANG RL， CAO YJ. Practice， problems and countermeasures of pesticide packaging waste recycling in Ankang City[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin， 2015（9）： 90+137.
[11]QIE JR. The Ministry of Environmental Protection drafted the "Administrative Measures for the Recovery and Treatment of Pesticide Packaging Waste （Trial）"[J]. Pesticide Market News， 2015（12）： 10.
[12]WANG JW. The Ministry of Environmental Protection will issue the Administrative Measures for the Recycling of Pesticide Packaging Waste. Pesticide companies are looking for ways to respond in advance[J]. Agrochemicals Today， 2015（5）： 34-35.
[13]Focus News. Pesticide packaging waste will be forced to recycle for the Ministry of Environmental Protection has formulated a method[J]. Marketing （Agricultural Resources and Markets）， 2015（9）： 18.
[14]LIU G. "Administrative Measures for the Recovery and Treatment of Pesticide Packaging Waste （Trial）"（Draft for Comment）[J]. Pesticide Market News， 2015 （11）： 14. [15]LIN Q. New life of pesticide packaging waste[J]. Environment， 2015（4）： 76-78.
[16]LIU YZ， ZHANG ZQ. Pesticide packaging waste recycling cannot be delayed[J]. Hebei Agriculture， 2015（4）： 38-39.
[17]LIANG CZ， LU JF. Practice and exploration of management model of pesticide packaging waste in Zhejiang Province[J]. Pesticide Science and Administration， 2015（3）： 22-26.
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[19]ZHANG YW， LI XG. Strengthening the management of pesticide packaging waste[J]. Hunan Agriculture， 2014（12）： 33.
[20]YUE J， ZHOU CJ， WANG JW， et al. Status， effectiveness and prospects of recycling and disposal of pesticide packaging waste in Beijing[J]. Beijing Agriculture， 2014（33）： 286-287 .
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Editor： Na LI Proofreader： Xinxiu ZHU
Key words Pesticide packaging wastes； Disposal； Status quo； Countermeasures
Pesticides are the most fundamental means of production for agriculture， which relate to the safety of agricultural products and the sustainability of agricultural production[1]. Pesticide wastes， especially wastes from packaging containers， have severely affected the ecological environment and the quality and safety of agricultural products due to the lack of effective management models.
According to statistics， there are about 10 billion pieces of pesticide packages required each year in China， of which more than 3 billion pieces are discarded by farmers in ponds， rivers， and fields after using[2]. The residual pesticides in these waste packages volatilize spontaneously in the hot summer or fall into the ground through rain wash， causing water and soil pollution， which directly endangers human health. After eaten by animals， the residual pesticides can be gradually accumulated when passing through the food chain and eventually threaten peoples body health. At the same time， some plastic packaging bottles and bags containing highmolecular resins are not easily degraded in the natural environment， causing serious chemical pollution to the soil environment and greatly affecting the growth of crops. Moreover， after the waste glass bottles are broken， they may injure farmers when working in the fields[3-7]. Therefore， in recent years， the Chinese government has successively promulgated the "Notice on Arrangements for Soil Environmental Protection and Comprehensive Control Work Arrangements" and "Administrative Measures on the Recycling and Treatment of Pesticide Packaging Wastes"， hoping to strengthen the control of pesticide packaging wastes and improve the rural environmental sanitation status.
Research Progress on Pesticide Packaging Wastes Disposal
Rapid increase in the number of studies
Taking the "pesticide packaging wastes" and "pesticide waste package" as the key words respectively， a total of 144 related articles published from 1997 to 2016 can be found in the China Knowledge Network Database （CNKI）. The variation of the number of annual publishing articles show that the research related with pesticide packaging wastes has risen only in recent 10 years， especially after 2013， when the General Office of the State Council promulgated the "Notice on Arrangements for Soil Environmental Protection and Comprehensive Control Work Arrangements"， the related literature data has increased dramatically.
Unitary research level
Further analysis on the 144 articles shows that more than half of the articles only discuss the technical guidance for the industry， and there are few studies on the basic survey and policy formulation. The fact reflects the lack of empirical evidence on pesticide packaging wastes in China， which is not conducive to the promotion and implementation of relevant policies.
Purpose and significance of this study
Yunnan is a major tobacco planting province in China， and the tobacco industry is also one of the most important economic pillars in Yunnan Province[8]. Under the influence of controlled tobacco policies in recent years， the tobacco planting area in Yunnan Province has dropped significantly. However， in 2016 alone， the whole province of Yunnan still purchased 8.448 8 × 106 kg of fluecured tobacco， achieved a sales income of 24.8 billion Yuan for tobacco farmers， 5.46 billion Yuan for tobacco taxes， and 29 900 Yuan per household for tobacco sales. In addition， tobacco cultivation is different from the cultivation of other crops. The relevant agricultural products used by farmers have a unified list of recommendations and a collective procurement system； and tobacco field management also has various types of good management practices， often becoming the model for the establishment of a standard for field cultivation system. Therefore， this study conducted an indepth investigation of the current situation of production and disposal of pesticide packaging wastes in tobacco cultivation in the main producing areas of Yunnan. It aims to put forward a corresponding technical program for the recycling and disposal of pesticide packaging wastes according to the practical reality and to make contributions to the further management of pesticide packaging wastes in China.
Methods
Field work
Based on the Science and Technology Planning Project for the "Technology Integration and Application of Nontobacco Related Material Control for Fluecured Tobacco Production" undertaken by Yunnan Tobacco Import and Export Co.， Ltd. and Kunming University， the investigation team carried out twice surveys on tobaccorelated pesticide packaging wastes in Shaba area， Jietou Town， Tengchong County from July 20 to August 6， 2015 and from July 17 to July 22， 2016 respectively.
Investigation contents
The research work mainly included the survey on rural households and survey on tobacco field. The rural household survey mainly focused on the pesticide products purchased by farmers in the current season， and inquiries and records were made to the usage and disposal of the pesticide products according to the types of packaging materials. Tobacco field survey was to make statistics to the number of pesticide packaging wastes discarded in fields and in the garbage collection baskets around the fields through the spot investigation in the fields.
Data collection and analysis
In two years， the survey completed a total of 285 households， 251 tobacco fields， and 40 field garbage collection baskets （Table 1）.
Results and Analysis
Pesticides purchased by farmers
Among the 285 tobacco farmers interviewed in the Shaba area， the largest tobacco planting contract area was 1.33 hm2， and the average planting area per household was 0.62 hm2. The total amount of pesticide purchases by farmers was 480 pieces at most， and the average purchase per household was 140 pieces； among them， the number of pesticides used for tobacco cultivation accounted for 84.2% of the total purchases （Fig. 3）.
Among the pesticides purchased by farmers， the number of plastic bags was the largest， while the number of glass bottles was the least. However， almost all the pesticides with glass bottle packages were used exclusively in tobacco cultivation. In addition， due to the influence of the planting area， there was a big difference in the quantity of various types of packaged pesticides purchased by each household and the number of pesticide packages used for tobacco cultivation. Pesticides application situation by farmers
As shown in Fig. 4， the average pesticide application amount of farmers in the growing season of fluecured tobacco was 12.53 pieces/667 m2， while the average application rate of pesticides in rice， corn and other crops was 3.86 pieces/667 m2. The amount of pesticide needed to grow fluecured tobacco was more than three times that of other crops. There was also a great difference in the number of pesticides applied per unit area of the interviewed farmers， and the difference was even bigger in the cultivation of other corps， indicating that farmers were rather arbitrary when using pesticides.
Disposal of various pesticide packaging wastes by tobacco farmers
Farmers took different approaches to dispose different types of packaging wastes. Plastic bags and plastic bottle packages were mainly incinerated or thrown into field garbage collection baskets； most of the glass bottle packages were discarded into the collection baskets or buried deeply for the fear of injure people when broken. All kinds of packages may also be discarded to the fields， rivers， place with no people or brought back to their own homes （Fig. 5）.
Pesticide packaging wastes scattered around the fields
As shown in Fig. 6， the number of pesticide packaging wastes scattered around the fields reached an average of 4.54 pieces/667 m2. In addition， there was a large difference between fields. There were far more pesticide packaging wastes found in the fields farther away from the road or on the canal side than in the fields near the road. Most of the pesticide packaging wastes scattered in the fields were small waste plastic bags.
The 2016 survey found the same trend as in 2015. However， as the local government of the project area organized several field waste collection activities in the year， the number of scattered wastes found in the fields in 2016 was significantly reduced.
Pesticide packaging wastes in field collection baskets
As shown in Fig. 7， the average number of pesticide packaging wastes found in each field garbage collection baskets in 2015 totaled 47.3 pieces. Among them， the number of plastic bags was the largest， reached up to 80.3%， followed by packages of plastic bottles and glass bottles.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
The average number of packaging wastes collected in the field garbage collection baskets in 2016 far exceeded the that in 2015， reaching 85 pieces per basket. However， there was no big difference in the number of plastic bags， which was 40 pieces per basket， while the number of glass bottles and plastic bottles increased a lot. Moreover， damaged plastic film was also found in the basket. In addition， the major waste packages found along the fields were from the products of triadimefon， butralin， emamectin benzoate， lambdacyhalothrin， streptomycin， qingkuling， imidacloprid and donin. Most of these pesticides were used on tobacco.
Discussion
Comparison of field pesticide packaging wastes with other areas in China
According to the survey， the pesticide packaging wastes were 10-14 pieces/667 m2 in the farmland in Beijing[9]， and 5-10 pieces/667 m2 in the fields in Jiangxi[10]. In the research area of Yunnan， the number was about 5 pieces/667 m2. Compared with the situation in other areas in China， the number of packaging wastes from farmers was relatively smaller in the research area. The reason was that the local tobacco collection station had carried out the pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project， and placed garbage collection baskets in the fields. Some environmentalconscious farmers would throw the pesticide packaging wastes into the garbage collection baskets. However， there were still some scattered pesticide packaging wastes in the fields， indicating that some farmers still lacked the awareness of environmental protection.
Comparison of the disposal status of field pesticide packaging wastes with other regions in China
In the survey conducted in Jiaxing， Zhejiang Province， 42.5% of the farmers still threw pesticide bottles in the fields or in the river after applying pesticides in the fields[11]. The investigation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region found that 44.7% of the people directly dumped the wastes into water channels， 41% directly dumped into the fields， and 14.4% of the people dumped the wastes beside wells[12]. By contrast， more than 60% of farmers in the research area of this study chose to burn and discard the wastes into field collection baskets.
Comparison of pesticide packaging wastes recycling and disposal status with other regions in China and foreign countries
Currently， there is no special recycling method for pesticide packaging wastes in the survey area of this study， which mainly relies on the collection baskets in the fields， followed by harmless incineration. Compared with this， in Beijing， 4 types of packaging waste recycling modes have been adopted， namely， paid replacement mode， cash recycling mode， plain area recycling mode， and mountainous area mode， where waste packaging bags， bottles， and barrels are collected and classified at fixed points， and then disposed together[13]. In Zhejiang Province， special funds have been set up for the recycling of pesticide packaging wastes， and the quota recycling has been done to the wastes according to different types of packages， achieving a complete coordinated recycling process from pesticide users， pesticide sales outlets， pesticide wholesale companies to harmless incineration[14]. In Anhui， the "farmer collecting， village recycling and street transferring" mode is adopted， and the collected pesticide packaging wastes are proceeded with harmless treatment after compressing and transporting to the waste incineration power plant[15]. Therefore， the disposal methods of pesticide packaging wastes in other regions of China is the same as that in this study， but adding some incentives to improve the recycling rate of pesticide packaging wastes. However， unlike incinerationoriented disposal in China， the main disposal methods in foreign countries focus on recycling and reusing. For example， in Brazil， the recycled materials are widely used in construction， sanitation， automobile and other industries[16]； in Canada， growers use plastic bottles of uniform specifications， and the used packages are bought back by the government and made into highway barriers after centralized cutting and shredding[17-20]； in Germany， the users are required users to clean empty bottles and return them to recycling centers， and hand them to special companies for processing， to make them available in cement kiln treatment or converting plastic to ethanol[21].
Conclusions and Control Countermeasures
Conclusion
After 2 consecutive years of survey in Jietou Tobacco Planting Area of Tengchong， Yunnan， it is found that （1） More than 80% of the pesticides purchased by farmers were used for tobacco cultivation， which was 4 times that of conventional crops planting， and most of the packaging materials were plastic bags； （2） The main way for farmers to dispose plastic bags was to burn or discard them in the field garbage collection baskets； （3） In combination with field surveys， an average of 4.54 pieces of pesticide packaging wastes were scattered around every 667 m2 of tobacco field. In addition， the number reduced significantly after carrying out pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project at the local tobacco collection station. At the same time， the average number of pesticide packaging wastes in the field collection baskets increased. Therefore， it can effectively control pesticide packaging wastes by changing the type of pesticide packaging， encouraging the establishment of recycling system and strengthening the cognitive training of farmers.
The recycling of pesticide packaging wastes has important significance for ecological protection and the protection of human and livestock safety. Pesticide packaging wastes disposal is a systematic project. It involves pesticide production and management companies， and it also involves a large number of farmers. The agricultural production practices of various countries in the world have proved that to ensure the safe production and supply of agriculture， pesticides are indispensable[16]. At present， food safety has become a common concern of the Chinese government and the public. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is becoming a key area of agricultural environmental governance. Standardized management of pesticide packaging wastes has gradually attracted the attention of the government and the public. With the development of science and technology and the enhancement of peoples awareness of environmental protection， the scientific use of pesticides， and standardized management of pesticide packaging wastes will also become important measures to improve rural ecological environment， build ecological civilization， and promote sustainable economic and social development in rural areas. In Yunnan， the pesticide packaging wastes generated from tobacco production will be much higher than that of traditional crop production， so it is necessary to conduct standardized management. Countermeasures
Promulgating related laws and regulations
Starting from the laws， regulations， and systems， we should carry out a comprehensive investigation of the status of pesticide wastes， and formulate regulations for the management of pesticide waste that are practical and easy to operate. Provisions should also be made for the production and use of pesticide packaging， the main body of management， rights and obligations， funding， specific recycling methods， supervision and management measures， and legal responsibilities， so as to make it possible to follow regulations for handling pesticide packaging wastes.
Formulating regulations for the use and management of pesticides in tobacco producing areas
The packaging materials and specifications for pesticides used in production should be gradually regulated based on the agreements between pesticide production companies and local suppliers and suppliers， as well as education and training for farmers.
Establishing recycling system
We should explore the establish the pesticide packaging waste recycling mode dominant by pesticide production enterprises， recycled by farmers and sellers and disposed by professional companies， and the recycling system guided with government policies， supported by financial funds and operated by business markets[22]. The government should set up special subsidy funds for pesticide waste packaging， formulate detailed and standard methods for the management of subsidy funds， establish financial incentive mechanisms， and stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers， sellers， professional disposal companies， and other relevant entities to recycle and dispose of waste pesticide packaging materials， such as the paid classification and recycling of pesticide packaging wastes in fields. Through setting up collection points， the mode of "physical exchange" or "pricing recycling" can be adopted to organize local residents to clean up pesticide packaging wastes in the field.
Creating an innovative model for recycling and disposing pesticide packaging wastes in tobacco producing areas
Through the cooperation with scientific research institutes， we should make research on the recycling requirements and reusing technologies of major pesticide packaging materials in tobacco production， and achieve the sustainable management of pesticide packaging wastes in tobacco production through technology promotion， so as to realize the unity of social， economic and ecological benefits. Scientifically disposing pesticide packaging wastes
In some developed countries in the European Union， the major way to dispose of pesticide wastes （mainly pesticide packaging） is to adopt high temperature incineration or deep burying. However， in Germany， mandatory measures are taken to require pesticide producers to be responsible for the recycling of empty pesticide containers and forbid burning in fields and farms[23-25]. Britain， Italy and some other European countries have also adopted a similar approach. At present， the use of coprocessing technologies in hightemperature incineration and cement production processes is widely used in the world to dispose of pesticide wastes[26]. More than 70% of pesticide wastes in EU countries are treated using cement kiln coprocessing technology[27]. In China， the industrialized treatment of pesticide wastes has just begun. On December 16， 2007， the Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals， the Ministry of Agriculture organized an activity to destroy highly toxic and waste pesticide products at Huaxin Cement Plant in Hubei Province. A total of 130 t of waste pesticides and pesticidecontaminated pesticide packaging were destroyed in this activity. This activity symbolizes the beginning of industrialized treatment of hightoxic pesticides and pesticide packages in China[28]. The industrialized treatment of pesticide wastes involves a series of problems such as disposal facilities， treatment processes， and recontamination of gases generated after treatment. Therefore， it is necessary to carry out indepth research in this regard. In addition to the introduction of advanced treatment technologies， it is also necessary to study industrialized treatment technologies that are in line with Chinas actual conditions and avoid recontamination during the treatment of pesticide wastes.
Strengthening environmental protection awareness promotion
Farmers are the main body in the use of pesticides and the production of pesticide packaging wastes. It is necessary to strengthen the training of farmers in the scientific use of pesticide technology， carry out publicity on the hazards of pesticide packaging wastes， strengthen the necessity of waste recycling and disposal， improve farmers scientific use of pesticides and awareness of environmental protection， and increase farmers awareness of sustainable agricultural development. It is also important to let them understand the harm caused by pesticide wastes to agricultural production and life， educate them not to dump pesticide waste anywhere and not to throw pesticide packaging anywhere， increase their scientific use level of pesticide， and increase their environmental awareness， so as to improve agricultural production efficiency， achieve sustainable agricultural development， and build a new socialist countryside. References
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