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在我们高三复习当中,不少同学专注于对词汇的反复记忆。殊不知,通过构词法来掌握单词的变化规律,可以帮助我们在考试中有效减少“拦路虎”,提高正确率。笔者在此结合构词法的基本规则,来和大家谈谈“构词法”在考试当中究竟可以发挥怎样的神奇效力。
英语的构词法主要有三种:
1. 合成。由两个或两个以上的词合成一个词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词,还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。如:headmaster,passer-by,warm-hearted,well-known。
2. 派生。通过加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。如:supermarket,misunderstand,importance,unbelievable。
3. 转化。由一种词性转化为另一种词性。如:can n. 罐头→can v. 把……装成罐头;empty adj. 空的→empty v. 倒出, 空出;fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄。
构词法在各大题型中的应用:
[语法填空]
在高考试题当中,针对构词法的考查主要体现在语法填空和完形填空中。语法填空主要考查形容词、副词、动词和名词相互之间的词形变化。如:
1. 形容词→副词
例1 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷) The river was so polluted that it 62 (actual) caught fire and burdened.
例2 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷) Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers 50 (sudden) became friendly to one another.
例3 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 (slow) during cool nights, thus warning the house.
解析 actually;suddenly;slowly。根据句意,三题中的空白处均在句中充当状语,故使用提示词的副词形式,分别为actually,suddenly,slowly。语法填空中的“形容词→副词”题多为在原提示词后直接添加后缀ly, 但同学们也应注意一些特殊情况,如possible→possibly,probable→probably,true→truly,这些单词由形容词变为副词应去掉e再加ly。我们在平时的复习中,应该有意识的对这些特殊变化加以分类整理和记忆。
2. 形容词→名词/名词→形容词
例4 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) What makes the adobe dwellings admirab在我们高三复习当中,不少同学专注于对词汇的反复记忆。殊不知,通过构词法来掌握单词的变化规律,可以帮助我们在考试中有效减少“拦路虎”,提高正确率。笔者在此结合构词法的基本规则,来和大家谈谈“构词法”在考试当中究竟可以发挥怎样的神奇效力。
英语的构词法主要有三种:
1. 合成。由两个或两个以上的词合成一个词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词,还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。如:headmaster,passer-by,warm-hearted,well-known。
2. 派生。通过加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。如:supermarket,misunderstand,importance,unbelievable。
3. 转化。由一种词性转化为另一种词性。如:can n. 罐头→can v. 把……装成罐头;empty adj. 空的→empty v. 倒出, 空出;fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄。
构词法在各大题型中的应用:le is their 63 (able) to “air condition” a house without 64 (use) electric equipment.
解析 ability;using。题干中63题在句中应该充当their所修饰的名词,而able的名词是通过改e为i加后缀ty得来,故答案为ability。一些常用的名词后缀还有:-age(状态,集合),-an/-ian(人,……家),-ence(构成抽象名词),-cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(动作,状态),-ee(动作的承受者),-er/-or(人或物),-ess(指女性),-ism(主义,……教),-ist(主义者;……家),-ment(行为,结果,状态,性质),-ship(关系,身份),-hood(身份,性质,时代),-ty(状态,性质),-ure(结果,行为,状态,实物),-al(动作过程,结果)。
例5 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) As 69 (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析 natural。第69空在句中应做architects的修饰语,因此应使用提示词nature的形容词形式。而nature的形容词是通过去掉e再添加后缀al得来。故答案为natural。常用形容词后缀还有-able/-ible/-ble,-al,-ed,-en,-ful,-ic/-ical,-ish,-ive,-less,-ly,-ous/-ious,-ward,-y等。 3. 动词→形容词
例6 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷) While there are 68 (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 69 (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
解析 amazing。第68题中,空白处充当stories的定语,根据语镜,此处应该意为“令人感动的故事”,而表示“令人感动的”应使用动词amaze的现在分词形式,故答案为amazing。
例7 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷) There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 42 some of them looked very anxious and 43 (disappoint).
解析 disappointed。根据句意,第43题空白处应和之前的形容词anxious是并列表语,所以这里应填入形容词。表达人物的内心活动应使用动词disappoint的过去分词形式,表示“感到失望的”,故答案为disappointed。
点拨 分词形容词,即通过在动词后添加-ing或-ed构成的形容词是高考的重要考点,广泛出现于完形填空和语法填空等题型当中,应引起足够的重视。由现在分词构成的形容词常修饰物,而过去分词构成的形容词常用于修饰人,表达人物情感。
[构词法与完形填空]
在完形填空当中,更多的是考查具有同一类词根的单词的区别。
例8 (2015湖南卷) The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respect, tears and smiles, the knowing and the 46 and, most of all, an understanding of each other.
46. A. unprepared B. understand
C. unknown D. unforgotten
解析 C。由tears and smiles是一对表示对立的意义的词可知,此空应填入与knowing相反的词语。除了B选项,其余选项均为以un这一否定前缀开头的词。unknown是knowing的否定词,故选C。
例9 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷) The world is full of 46 stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 47 interest.
46. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed
C. newly-collected D. half-filled
解析 D。该题中的四个选项均为合成形容词。well-organized组织好的,colorfully-printed汇成彩色的,newly-collected新收集的,half-filled填完一半的。下面的unfinished models是重要提示,与之并列的是half-filled stamp albums,意为“完成一半的集邮册”,故答案选D。
例10 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great 58 moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle.
58. A. touching B. thinking
C. encouraging D. learning
解析 D。该题中四个选项均为现在分词作形容词:touching令人感动的,encouraging鼓舞人的,thinking思考的,learning学习的。根据上文中提到的内容,答案应为learning moment。
最绝的当属2015年广东卷的完形填空,其中三个题目均考查了副词的用法。请同学们利用你对构词法的了解并结合文章意思,看看答案应该选哪一个。
例11 (2015广东卷) How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that human body is 1 to live no longer that 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3 They wear out, and as a result, we get old and 4 die.
1. A. designed B. selected
C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly
C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly
C. automatically D. desperately
解析 ADCA。针对完形填空填空中这一类考同根词的题目,建议同学们在平时复习当中,多关注词根所表达的具体含义,如表否定含义的有mis-/non-/un-/dis-/in-/il-/ir-等,通过对比,可以很快找到正确答案。而对于像例9中所有选项均为几个单词合成的词语,也不必惊慌失措,而是应该通过构词规律仔细分析,结合上下文进行筛选。
[构词法与阅读理解]
在各省高考试题的阅读理解中,也不时见到针对“词义猜测”而设置的考题,针对这类题目,如果同学们熟练掌握构词法的基本规则,则可以快速猜出词义,节约宝贵的答题时间。
例12 (2015陕西卷) Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of parental involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child’s class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
58. The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means
A. parents’ expectation on children’s health
B. parents’ participation in children’s education
C. parents’ control over children’s life
D. parents’ plan for children’s future
解析 B。本题考查词义猜测。根据划线部分前面的help their children with homework,以及后面的including volunteering at school and observing a child’s class可知,划线部分的意思应为“父母参与到孩子的教育中”。而parental involvement这一短语本身是由parental和involvement两词组合而来。如果同学们可以看出parental是由parent变来的形容词,involvement是由involve(参与)加上名词后缀ment变来的名词,则这道题做起来就容易多了。
例13 (2012全国卷) Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. They’ll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family science show, commonly found in these museums.
58. What does “hands-on science” mean in the last paragraph?
A. Science games designed by kids. B. Learning science by doing things.
C. A show of kid’s science work.
D. Reading science books.
解析 B。根据构词法的规则,hands-on为hands 与on合成得来。短语hand sth. on意为“把……留给某人使用”,再根据该段后文中的解释可以推测hands-on意为“实际动手操作的”。故答案选B。
例14 (2015湖北卷) What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn’t a prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles, Loe and her family grow, can (装罐) and preserve much of the food they continue.
55. The underlined word “prerequisite” (Para.1) is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. recipe B. substitute
C. requirement D. challenge
解析 C。通过利用构词法对该生词进行拆分,我们发现prerequisite是由require(需要)的同根词requisite(必需之物)加上前缀pre(预先),故可以推断该词含义为“先决条件”。再结合上下文语境,下文讲述的是Loe 和她的家人在仅仅1/10英亩的土地上栽种和保存他们所需的大部分食物,最终可以断定划线词的含义是“必备条件,先决条件”。
英语的构词法主要有三种:
1. 合成。由两个或两个以上的词合成一个词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词,还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。如:headmaster,passer-by,warm-hearted,well-known。
2. 派生。通过加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。如:supermarket,misunderstand,importance,unbelievable。
3. 转化。由一种词性转化为另一种词性。如:can n. 罐头→can v. 把……装成罐头;empty adj. 空的→empty v. 倒出, 空出;fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄。
构词法在各大题型中的应用:
[语法填空]
在高考试题当中,针对构词法的考查主要体现在语法填空和完形填空中。语法填空主要考查形容词、副词、动词和名词相互之间的词形变化。如:
1. 形容词→副词
例1 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷) The river was so polluted that it 62 (actual) caught fire and burdened.
例2 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷) Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers 50 (sudden) became friendly to one another.
例3 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 (slow) during cool nights, thus warning the house.
解析 actually;suddenly;slowly。根据句意,三题中的空白处均在句中充当状语,故使用提示词的副词形式,分别为actually,suddenly,slowly。语法填空中的“形容词→副词”题多为在原提示词后直接添加后缀ly, 但同学们也应注意一些特殊情况,如possible→possibly,probable→probably,true→truly,这些单词由形容词变为副词应去掉e再加ly。我们在平时的复习中,应该有意识的对这些特殊变化加以分类整理和记忆。
2. 形容词→名词/名词→形容词
例4 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) What makes the adobe dwellings admirab在我们高三复习当中,不少同学专注于对词汇的反复记忆。殊不知,通过构词法来掌握单词的变化规律,可以帮助我们在考试中有效减少“拦路虎”,提高正确率。笔者在此结合构词法的基本规则,来和大家谈谈“构词法”在考试当中究竟可以发挥怎样的神奇效力。
英语的构词法主要有三种:
1. 合成。由两个或两个以上的词合成一个词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词,还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。如:headmaster,passer-by,warm-hearted,well-known。
2. 派生。通过加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。如:supermarket,misunderstand,importance,unbelievable。
3. 转化。由一种词性转化为另一种词性。如:can n. 罐头→can v. 把……装成罐头;empty adj. 空的→empty v. 倒出, 空出;fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄。
构词法在各大题型中的应用:le is their 63 (able) to “air condition” a house without 64 (use) electric equipment.
解析 ability;using。题干中63题在句中应该充当their所修饰的名词,而able的名词是通过改e为i加后缀ty得来,故答案为ability。一些常用的名词后缀还有:-age(状态,集合),-an/-ian(人,……家),-ence(构成抽象名词),-cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(动作,状态),-ee(动作的承受者),-er/-or(人或物),-ess(指女性),-ism(主义,……教),-ist(主义者;……家),-ment(行为,结果,状态,性质),-ship(关系,身份),-hood(身份,性质,时代),-ty(状态,性质),-ure(结果,行为,状态,实物),-al(动作过程,结果)。
例5 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) As 69 (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析 natural。第69空在句中应做architects的修饰语,因此应使用提示词nature的形容词形式。而nature的形容词是通过去掉e再添加后缀al得来。故答案为natural。常用形容词后缀还有-able/-ible/-ble,-al,-ed,-en,-ful,-ic/-ical,-ish,-ive,-less,-ly,-ous/-ious,-ward,-y等。 3. 动词→形容词
例6 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷) While there are 68 (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 69 (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
解析 amazing。第68题中,空白处充当stories的定语,根据语镜,此处应该意为“令人感动的故事”,而表示“令人感动的”应使用动词amaze的现在分词形式,故答案为amazing。
例7 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷) There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 42 some of them looked very anxious and 43 (disappoint).
解析 disappointed。根据句意,第43题空白处应和之前的形容词anxious是并列表语,所以这里应填入形容词。表达人物的内心活动应使用动词disappoint的过去分词形式,表示“感到失望的”,故答案为disappointed。
点拨 分词形容词,即通过在动词后添加-ing或-ed构成的形容词是高考的重要考点,广泛出现于完形填空和语法填空等题型当中,应引起足够的重视。由现在分词构成的形容词常修饰物,而过去分词构成的形容词常用于修饰人,表达人物情感。
[构词法与完形填空]
在完形填空当中,更多的是考查具有同一类词根的单词的区别。
例8 (2015湖南卷) The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respect, tears and smiles, the knowing and the 46 and, most of all, an understanding of each other.
46. A. unprepared B. understand
C. unknown D. unforgotten
解析 C。由tears and smiles是一对表示对立的意义的词可知,此空应填入与knowing相反的词语。除了B选项,其余选项均为以un这一否定前缀开头的词。unknown是knowing的否定词,故选C。
例9 (2014新课标Ⅰ卷) The world is full of 46 stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 47 interest.
46. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed
C. newly-collected D. half-filled
解析 D。该题中的四个选项均为合成形容词。well-organized组织好的,colorfully-printed汇成彩色的,newly-collected新收集的,half-filled填完一半的。下面的unfinished models是重要提示,与之并列的是half-filled stamp albums,意为“完成一半的集邮册”,故答案选D。
例10 (2015新课标Ⅱ卷) It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great 58 moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle.
58. A. touching B. thinking
C. encouraging D. learning
解析 D。该题中四个选项均为现在分词作形容词:touching令人感动的,encouraging鼓舞人的,thinking思考的,learning学习的。根据上文中提到的内容,答案应为learning moment。
最绝的当属2015年广东卷的完形填空,其中三个题目均考查了副词的用法。请同学们利用你对构词法的了解并结合文章意思,看看答案应该选哪一个。
例11 (2015广东卷) How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that human body is 1 to live no longer that 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3 They wear out, and as a result, we get old and 4 die.
1. A. designed B. selected
C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly
C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly
C. automatically D. desperately
解析 ADCA。针对完形填空填空中这一类考同根词的题目,建议同学们在平时复习当中,多关注词根所表达的具体含义,如表否定含义的有mis-/non-/un-/dis-/in-/il-/ir-等,通过对比,可以很快找到正确答案。而对于像例9中所有选项均为几个单词合成的词语,也不必惊慌失措,而是应该通过构词规律仔细分析,结合上下文进行筛选。
[构词法与阅读理解]
在各省高考试题的阅读理解中,也不时见到针对“词义猜测”而设置的考题,针对这类题目,如果同学们熟练掌握构词法的基本规则,则可以快速猜出词义,节约宝贵的答题时间。
例12 (2015陕西卷) Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of parental involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child’s class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
58. The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means
A. parents’ expectation on children’s health
B. parents’ participation in children’s education
C. parents’ control over children’s life
D. parents’ plan for children’s future
解析 B。本题考查词义猜测。根据划线部分前面的help their children with homework,以及后面的including volunteering at school and observing a child’s class可知,划线部分的意思应为“父母参与到孩子的教育中”。而parental involvement这一短语本身是由parental和involvement两词组合而来。如果同学们可以看出parental是由parent变来的形容词,involvement是由involve(参与)加上名词后缀ment变来的名词,则这道题做起来就容易多了。
例13 (2012全国卷) Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. They’ll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family science show, commonly found in these museums.
58. What does “hands-on science” mean in the last paragraph?
A. Science games designed by kids. B. Learning science by doing things.
C. A show of kid’s science work.
D. Reading science books.
解析 B。根据构词法的规则,hands-on为hands 与on合成得来。短语hand sth. on意为“把……留给某人使用”,再根据该段后文中的解释可以推测hands-on意为“实际动手操作的”。故答案选B。
例14 (2015湖北卷) What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn’t a prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles, Loe and her family grow, can (装罐) and preserve much of the food they continue.
55. The underlined word “prerequisite” (Para.1) is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. recipe B. substitute
C. requirement D. challenge
解析 C。通过利用构词法对该生词进行拆分,我们发现prerequisite是由require(需要)的同根词requisite(必需之物)加上前缀pre(预先),故可以推断该词含义为“先决条件”。再结合上下文语境,下文讲述的是Loe 和她的家人在仅仅1/10英亩的土地上栽种和保存他们所需的大部分食物,最终可以断定划线词的含义是“必备条件,先决条件”。