本文是运用纵向比较的方法,将20年代苏维埃奠基者列宁的人民自治思想与80年代崛起的苏联改革家戈尔巴乔夫的人民自治思想进行比较研究的新尝试。需要说明的是,在戈尔巴乔夫的时代与列宁的时代遥遥相距几十年的岁月中,苏联乃至整个世界的政治、经济飞速发展,条件日趋成熟,许多问题和细节过去是难以想象的,因此,本文更侧重于两者在指导原则、思想方法等方面的宏观比较。 This article attempts to make a comparative study of the autonomy thoughts of Lenin, the founders of the Soviet Union in the 1920s, with the autonomy thought of Gorbachev, a Soviet reformer raised in the 1980s, by using a longitudinal comparison method. What needs to be explained is that in the decades that followed Gorbachev’s time and Lenin’s time, the political and economic conditions in the Soviet Union and the entire world have been rapidly developing and the conditions are becoming mature. Many problems and details were unimaginable in the past. Therefore, this article focuses more on the macroscopic comparison between the two in terms of guiding principles and ways of thinking.