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村镇制度是美国历史上的一个重要问题。村镇制度经历了一个长期的历史嬗变过程,在不同时期和不同领域,它具有不同的含义。在英国早期历史上,它是一种具有有限民事职能的自治组织;在殖民地时期的新英格兰,它具有“村镇移植”的含义,主要是一种土地分配和处理以及人口移植制度;依据美国1785年《土地法令》确定的土地测量制度,村镇完全成为一种土地测量单位;随着美国西部的开发与领地和州的组建,村镇又成为西部某些州的基层政治组织单位。综观美国村镇制度的整个演变过程,它既有明显的演变阶段性,又有各种制度相互交叉和平行存在的特征。
The system of towns and villages is an important issue in the history of the United States. The village-town system has undergone a long-term process of historical evolution. It has different meanings in different periods and in different fields. It was an autonomous organization with limited civil functions in early British history; in the colonial period of New England it had the meaning of “transplant of villages and towns”, mainly a system of land distribution and processing and population transplanting; In the United States, the land survey system was established by the Land Act of 1785, and the towns and villages became a unit of land survey completely. With the development and establishment of territories and states in the western United States, the towns and villages became grass-roots political organization units in some western states. Looking at the entire evolution of the system of village and town in the United States, it has not only obvious stages of evolution but also features that various systems cross and exist in parallel.