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中国的近现代民族主义思潮具有多样性和复杂性。进化论是以早期严复为代表的那一派民族主义的哲学基础。严复从生存竞争和中西文化比较出发,探索中国向西方学习的必然性、意义,以及可能性等问题,将中国现代化的内容展现出来,促进了中国近现代民族主义思潮中的现代性意识的发展;从生存竞争和现代国家观念出发,严复试图构建一个多民族团结的、自由主义的宪政国家来解决国民对国家的认同问题,这就大大丰富了中国近现代民族主义思潮中的民族国家思想;由于特别强调民智和文明在生存竞争的意义,严复认为,中国应该通过“开民智”、“文明排外”等较为温和的方式来维护中华民族的根本利益,这就为中国近现代民族主义者如何维护民族利益提供新的思路。严复这一派民族主义者的这些思想是不同于孙中山等其他民族主义者的。
The trend of modern nationalism in China is diverse and complex. Evolutionism is the philosophical basis of the nationalism represented by the early Yan Fu. Yan Fu explored the inevitability, significance and possibility of China’s learning from the West from the perspective of survival and competition and the comparative study of Chinese and Western cultures, brought forth the content of China’s modernization and promoted the development of modern awareness in the trend of nationalism in China’s modern history. Starting from the concept of survival and competition and the concept of a modern country, Yan Fu tries to build a united and liberal constitutional government that is multi-ethnic and united to solve the national identity problem. This greatly enriches the thinking of nation-state in the trend of nationalism in modern and contemporary China. With particular emphasis on the significance of the wisdom and survival of civilizations in competition for survival, Yan Fu believes that China should safeguard the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation through milder ways such as “opening up people’s wisdom,” “civilizing xenophobia,” and so on, How the activists to safeguard national interests provide new ideas. These ideas of Yan Fu this nationalist group are different from other nationalists like Sun Yat-sen.