一、前言近百余年来,中国经历了两次社会变革,而且都发生在两个世纪的末叶。第一次社会变革是被列强逼迫而成,在侵略者的耀武扬威下打开门户,为了自救和图强不得不尝试一次次的改革。外力威胁之际,政治领袖想到借重华侨的经济力量,跟外资抗衡或推展维新事业,而华侨离乡背井后,? I. Introduction For nearly a hundred years, China has undergone two social changes and all took place at the end of the two centuries. The first social change was forced by the powers to open the door under the victorious invaders and had to try again and again in the effort to save itself and figure one. When external threats are threatened, political leaders think that by relying on the economic strength of overseas Chinese, they can counter the foreign investment or promote the rejuvenation of their businesses.