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三、技能圈及其扩展 在一种技能型活动或行为表现(a skilled activity or performance)中,需要对外部信号或刺激的感知并对这些刺激作出恰当的反应。另外,当活动主体看到他所作出的反应的结果时,还肯定有“自我检查”或反馈,以便必要时作出进一步的反应。这一活动模式的普遍适用性被行为主义用来解释各种学习。然而,人们对行为主义者这一主张的最强烈批评是因为他们忽略了活动的内部过程。刺激——反应——反馈模式把活动主体的大脑看成是一个“黑箱”,活动主体究竟是如何“决定”对特定的刺激作出特定反应并没有得到合理说明。不容否认,在评价技能型活动时,“黑箱”模式确实相当有用。人们可以观察活动主体接受的输入(刺激)以及所表现的输出(反应),并将这一结果同某个标准作一比较,便可以确定活动是否达到了预期目标。不过,当活动中出现的缺陷主要是来自于活动主体本身的原因时,我们就必须打开这个“黑箱”,以查明导致问题产生的症结是什么,因而就需要一种在执行技能活动时能窥视其内部过程的模式,并且这一模式应能适用于任何类型的技能活动。
Third, the circle of skills and its expansion In a skilled activity or performance (a skilled activity or performance), the need for external signals or stimulus perception and stimulation of these stimuli to respond appropriately. In addition, when the activist sees the result of his reaction, he or she must also have “self-examination” or feedback to react further if necessary. The universal applicability of this model of activity is used by behaviourists to explain all kinds of learning. However, one of the strongest criticisms of the behaviorist's claim is that they ignore the internal processes of the activity. The stimulus-response-feedback model treats the activity subject's brain as a “black box,” and how the agent decides to respond specifically to a particular stimulus is not properly explained. It is undeniable that the “black box” model is indeed quite useful in evaluating skills-based activities. One can observe the input (stimulus) and the output (response) the subject receives, and compare the result with a standard to determine whether the activity has achieved the desired goal. However, when the flaws in activities mainly come from the main body of the activity, we must open this “black box” to find out what is the crux of the problem. Therefore, what is needed is that during the performance of skill activities Peek into the pattern of its internal processes, and this pattern should apply to any type of skill activity.