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亚里士多德认为,作为人生目的的幸福是合乎德性的活动,最高的幸福是理论理性及其推动的沉思,理论理性是人的本质之所在。人是质料(身体)与形式(灵魂/理性)的实体性结合。从形而上学的角度看,人的本性为善(因为作为形式的理性本身就是善),不过人性中也含有恶产生的因素(源自质料性身体及其产生的欲望)。德性是克服根植于质料性身体的欲望,不断将人所本有的理性彰显出来的过程,并以最终达到至善(纯粹理性/纯形式)为目的;而恶性正好相反,表现为理性的遮蔽与欲望的追逐。因此,应当确立从“自善”走向“至善”的伦理信仰,以促使人们形成道德自律,防止和克服恶性。
Aristotle believes that the happiness as the goal of life is a moral activity, the highest happiness is theoretical reason and the pondering of its promotion, and theoretical rationality is the essence of human being. Man is the physical combination of material (body) and form (soul / reason). From a metaphysical point of view, human nature is good (because rationality as a form is good in itself), but human nature also contains elements of evil (derived from the material body and the desires it generates). Virtue is the process of overcoming the desire rooted in the material body and continually highlighting the rationality inherent in the human being, and ultimately achieving perfection (pure rationality / pure form); whereas the opposite of malignancy manifests itself as rational Shaded and desire chase. Therefore, we should establish the ethical belief from “conscientiousness ” to “perfection ” so as to promote the formation of moral self-discipline and prevent and overcome the viciousness.