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为促进我国环境治理与环境司法,有必要考察德国水法中的法律责任体系。《德国水平衡管理法》第89条规定了改变水体特征应承担的私法上之责任。改变水质引起的民事责任属于严格的危险责任,并区分为行为责任和设施责任两种法律责任构成事实。同时,水法上的责任与《环境责任法》、《环境损害法》及《民法典》相互指引和补充,由此构成较完善的责任体系。我国在《民法通则》、《物权法》、《侵权责任法》、《环境保护法》、《水法》及《水污染防治法》中同样规定了水事相关的私法责任,但体系性不足,明确和严格程度不够。在立法技术、规则体系和法律理念上,德国水体污染责任体系值得我国水法及其他环境法借鉴。
In order to promote environmental governance and environmental justice in our country, it is necessary to study the legal liability system in German Water Law. Article 89 of the German Water Balance Management Act regulates the responsibilities of private law that should be undertaken in changing the characteristics of a body of water. The change of water liability caused by civil liability belongs to a strict dangerous liability, and is divided into two kinds of legal liability of behavior and facilities. At the same time, the responsibilities of the water law and the “Environmental Liability Law”, “Environmental Damage Law” and “Civil Code” guide and supplement each other, thus constituting a more complete system of responsibility. China also stipulates the private law liability related to water affairs in the “General Principles of Civil Law,” “Property Law,” “Tort Liability Act,” “Environmental Protection Law,” “Water Law” and “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law.” However, due to lack of system, Clear and strict enough. In legislative technology, rules system and legal concept, Germany’s water pollution responsibility system deserves our country’s water law and other environmental laws for reference.