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Aim: This study aimed to explore the correlation of long-term medication behaviour self-efficacy with social support and medication knowledge of kidney transplant recipients.Methods: A convenient sample of kidney transplant recipients in a general hospital in Guangzhou was recruited from November 2016 to January 2017.Self-reported survey data were provided by the kidney transplant recipients using long-term medication behaviour self-efficacy scale (LTMBSES),perceived social support scale (PSSS) and scale for patient-perceived medication knowledge in medication usage.Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used for data analysis.Results: A total of 195 kidney transplant recipients (132 men and 63 women) were recruited for this study.The mean scores of all LTMBSES dimensions,namely personal attitudes,environmental and taskrelated and behavioural factors,were 32.49 ± 4.34,60.90 ± 7.56 and 32.32 ± 4.40,respectively.The mean scores of three PSSS dimensions,namely,family,friends and significant others,were 24.91 ± 3.42,22.71 ± 4.66 and 22.15 ± 4.26,correspondingly.The mean scores of two five-item knowledge subscale dimensions,namely,general and interaction knowledge,were 9.56 ± 1.07 and 13.02 ± 2.67,respectively.Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that social support (rs=0.232,P＜0.01) and medication knowledge (rs =0.352,P ＜ 0.01) were positively associated with long-term medication self-efficacy in the kidney transplant recipients.Conclusion: The levels of long-term medication self-efficacy,perceived social support and medication knowledge of the kidney transplant recipients were high.Social support and medication knowledge were correlated with self-efficacy.