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本文基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2005数据探讨了中国农村家庭的非农就业模式。随着农户家庭在集体农业的解体后成为重要的生产主体,部分农民从家庭农业中疏离而成为工薪阶层或者进入增长中的私营经济部门。本文的第一个模型采用logistic回归在个人层面估测已婚男性和女性在农业或者非农经济部门中就业的机会,第二个模型则探究在夫妇层面选择四种就业模式的可能性:夫妇双方,夫妇中的一方(丈夫或妻子),或者没有任何一方从事非农职业。两个模型支持了教育水平对非农就业机会的正面作用。妇女的就业方式对于祖父母的支持效应和子女的付出效应更为敏感,但祖父母所起的作用受到本身年龄的制约。同时,男性的就业优势对家庭在职业上的性别分工并没有显著的推动作用。模型结果也表明,家庭就业模式的形成是和市场层面的因素,如村庄的地理位置,经济发展特征和劳动力状况紧密联系在一起的。另外,东部和中部地区在提供非农就业机会方面,相对于西部地区具备了一定的优势条件。
This article explores non-farm employment patterns for rural households in China based on data from the 2005 China General Social Survey (CGSS). As peasant households became important producers after the collapse of collective farming, some peasants alienated from family farming and became wage-earners or into the growing private-sector economy. The first model uses logistic regression to estimate, at an individual level, the opportunities for married men and women to find employment in agricultural or non-agricultural sectors of the economy. The second model explores the possibility of choosing four modes of employment at the couple level: Both parties, one of the couples (husband or wife), or none of them engaged in non-agricultural occupations. Both models support the positive effect of education on non-farm payrolls. Women’s employment patterns are more sensitive to the supportive effects of grandparents and the child’s payoff effects, but the role of grandparents is constrained by their own age. At the same time, men’s employment advantages have no significant effect on family occupational gender division. The model results also show that the formation of family employment patterns is closely linked with market-level factors such as the village’s geographical location, economic development characteristics and labor force. In addition, the eastern and central regions have certain advantages over the western regions in providing non-agricultural employment opportunities.