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哮喘是支气管广泛阻塞引起的呼气性呼吸困难,常伴有哮鸣音。当哮喘发作时,上呼吸道开始发生刺激感,鼻腔作痒,有喷嚏、咳嗽逐渐加剧,泡沫痰,同时很快发生呼吸困难,且有哮鸣音,为减轻症状,病人常采取端坐势呼吸。引起支气管阻塞的病理基础有:(1)支气管平滑肌收缩(痉挛);(2)过多的粘液分泌并粘附在支气管壁上;(3)支气管粘膜水肿。常见原因为支气管哮喘和喘息性支气管炎。前者以支气管平滑肌痉挛为主,多由于某些过敏因子引起,起病急,消失也快。后者是慢性支气管炎或慢性支气管哮喘引起支气管平滑肌肥厚,粘膜及粘膜下慢性炎性浸润和水肿,以及粘液腺体增生和分泌大量粘液,此病起病缓慢,往往由于感染等诱因而急性加剧,分泌物增多,水肿加重和刺激支气管平滑肌收缩,即使积极治疗也一时难于缓解。
Asthma is a type of exhaled breathlessness caused by widespread obstruction of the bronchi, often accompanied by a wheeze. When the asthma attack, the upper respiratory tract began to stimulate the nose, nasal itching, sneezing, coughing, foam phlegm, and rapid dyspnea, and wheezing, in order to reduce the symptoms, the patient often take the sitting posture breathing . Bronchial obstruction caused by the pathological basis are: (1) bronchial smooth muscle contraction (spasm); (2) excessive mucus secretion and adhesion to the bronchial wall; (3) bronchial mucosal edema. Common causes are bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis. The former mainly bronchial smooth muscle spasm, mostly due to some allergic factors, acute onset, disappear too fast. The latter is chronic bronchitis or chronic bronchial asthma caused by bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy, mucosal and submucosal chronic inflammatory infiltration and edema, and mucus gland hyperplasia and secretion of a large number of mucus, the disease onset is slow, often due to acute infection and other incentives , Increased secretions, increased edema and stimulate bronchial smooth muscle contraction, even if the active treatment is also difficult to alleviate temporarily.