大约自十九世纪初期,清王朝开始步入危机重重的年代,官僚机构冗员充斥,行政效率日益降低。人口的过分膨胀已经超出了当时农业生产力所能维持的水平。鸦片贸易的逆差使清朝的财政严重短缺,经济面临崩溃。清代政府对漕粮的经营——历来是国家税收的重要组成部分,目前也腐败不堪,各级机构人员冗杂,漕粮每次易手或每过一关,都要被盘剥搜刮一次,使漕粮浮收问题越来越大。而地方官员刚把这种财政负担转嫁给粮户,造成每户实际交纳的米谷比原定额往往高出数倍。这种粮税的剥削造成十九世纪四十至五十年代的此起彼伏的抗粮运动。这些运动大部分集中在长江下游漕米负担最重的地区。这些抗粮运动的一个突出特点是它们大都出地方下层士绅所领导。因此它不仅是中国十八至十九世纪社会矛盾和 About the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Qing dynasty began to enter a period of crisis, bureaucracy was full of redundancies, administrative efficiency is declining. The over-expansion of the population has exceeded the level at which agricultural productivity could be maintained at that time. The deficit in the opium trade caused a serious shortage of finance for the Qing Dynasty and the economy was facing a collapse. The government of Qing Dynasty managed the operation of grain and grain - it has always been an important part of state revenue. At present, it is also corrupt. Its personnel at all levels are complicated. Every time a grain of grain is changed hands or every pass, it must be exploited and scavenged The problem is getting bigger and bigger. Local officials just passed on this financial burden to foodholders, resulting in the number of rice valleys actually paid each household being several times higher than the original quota. The exploitation of such taxes led to the successive anti-grain campaigns of the 1940s to the 1950s. Most of these movements are concentrated in the area most heavily populated by rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. One of the salient features of these anti-food movements is that they are mostly led by gentry under the local authorities. Therefore, it is not only the social contradictions in China from the 18th to the 19th centuries