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本研究旨在识别何种社会规范有助于减少公共物品供给中的“搭便车”行为,以秘鲁库斯科城的公共环卫服务为例,采用威吓、惩罚手段(正式、非正式或集中式)及二者组合作为社会规范,对192个随机样本进行了12轮公共物品自愿供给(VCM)行为实验。结果显示,个人的公共物品供给行为与群体供给行为存在相关性,而行为情境的具体化(如环卫服务)会减少特定条件下的公共物品供给。行为实验结果表明,威吓手段使公共物品供给有所增加,构成了可有效减少“搭便车”行为的社会机制;性别结构也会影响个人的公共物品供给,在女性占主导的群体中,威吓手段对个人行为的影响最大。实验结果显示,在公共环卫服务这一特定公共物品的供给上,集中的正式社会规范使个人自愿供给显著增加,库斯科水务公司的月度数据证实了这点。公共政策制定者应对固体废物管理制度进行反思,探讨通过制度调整来减少拖欠缴费行为的可行性,以便为公共环卫服务提供充足资金。
The purpose of this study is to identify what kind of social norms can help reduce “free riding” in the supply of public goods. Taking the public sanitation service in Cusco, Peru as an example, we use intimidation and punishment (formal, informal or Centralized) and a combination of the two as a social norms, conducted a total of 12 random samples of 12 public goods voluntary supply (VCM) behavior experiments. The results show that there is a correlation between individual public goods supply behavior and group supply behavior, and the specificization of behavior situations (such as sanitation services) will reduce the supply of public goods under specific conditions. The results of behavioral experiments show that intimidation increases the supply of public goods and constitutes a social mechanism that can effectively reduce the “free riding.” Gender structure also affects the supply of public goods by individuals. Among the groups dominated by women, Intimidation has the greatest impact on personal behavior. Experimental results show that the centralized formal social norms provide a significant increase in the voluntary supply of individuals on the supply of public sanitation services, a particular public good, as confirmed by monthly data from Cusco Water. Public policymakers should reflect on the solid waste management system and explore the feasibility of reducing regulatory defaults through institutional adjustments in order to provide adequate funding for public sanitation services.