清代存在专门的回民户籍,即回籍。清廷制定回民户籍的主要目的是刑名狱讼。回民户籍的产生时间大约在乾隆二十七年前后。清廷对回籍人口进行管理的基层组织是地方保甲,由于缺乏上报的机制和必要,回民户籍资料只保存于州县厅一级的保甲册中,没有体现在更高一级的官方统计数据中。清廷借助掌教管理和约束回民人口使得掌教获得了部分行政职权。以乡约取代掌教,又使得改称乡约的掌教获得了乡约的权力,进而发展成为地方行政权力的一极。这给以保甲制为基础的基层管理体系和统治秩序带来了严重的挑战。 Qing Dynasty there is a special Hui people household registration, that is, home. The Qing court to develop the main purpose of the Hui people register is the name of prison. Hui nationality household registration occurred about Qianlong twenty-seven years ago. The grassroots organization controlling the Hui people is the local Baojia system. Due to the lack of mechanisms and necessary for reporting, the Hui people’s domicile information is only stored in Baojiaoyou at the county and county level. There is no official statistics at a higher level in. The Qing court with Palm teach management and restraint of the Hui people made palm-palm part of the administrative authority. The replacement of the palm-school by the township treaty also made the palm-shift education, renamed as the “Township Covenant Treaty,” gained the power of the rural covenant and further developed into a pole of local administrative power. This poses a serious challenge to the grass-roots management system and the ruling order based on the Bao-Jia system.