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本文对应高考题型,教你一些非常容易上手的拿分战术,希望对各位备考、应考有立竿见影的效果。语法里有一个非常重要、看起来很简单、运用起来很微妙的基本规则,那就是,一个句子由“主干”+“附加成分”组成。主干是指主、谓、宾的中心词,或者复合句中的主句。附加成分是指定语从句、状语从句、介词短语、非谓语动词短语,以及其他修饰成分。本文中黑体部分为主干成分,划线部分为次要成分。
一、阅读理解:我们视觉上的盲点
阅读理解训练在分类型方面已经相当成熟,对于主旨大意题、猜词题、文章结构题、深层理解题、事实细节题等等,都有非常细致的应考策略。不过,要是没有深厚的功底,招式根本用不上。语法应用就是功底的体现,但这常常是师生的视觉盲点。
1. 把握“主干”时态转换 快速掌握文章脉络。
[例1](2008年阅读A篇) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.
“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?’” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”
Music was not the only gulf.
Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow.
选择2008年真题的原因是它具有相当的难度。如果题目简单,大家都开心但是拉不开差距。如果题目具有挑战性,那就看谁更醒目。本篇篇幅长,时间有跨度,讲述的又是深层次的问题,间或出现了难以理解的新词和新句型。如果按部就班读下来,很容易卡住。关键是把握好时态切换的转折点,其标志物是第1、4段开头的today和第1段末尾的 “when he was a teenager”。你一看见today,头脑中要马上反应出来,这是讲述现状的,而夹在中间的第2, 3段,则是作者回忆过往。相应地,各个句子的谓语动词,同时也是句子的“主干”,与它的时间归属一一对应,文章脉络自然清晰地凸现起来。
点评:
学校里教时态,通常搞得很细,每个时态恨不得都有“三大纪律八项注意”。其实,根本的才是最重要的。基础知识掌握得再好、再细,临场都不能为你攻克难关的话,是不是有点可惜?英语很多知识点很零碎,但是系统框架是最重要的。就时态而言,过去的事情用过去时,现在的事情用现在时,如此简单。阅读理解中,要有意识地培养自己对时态的敏感度。
时态切换在真题中出现的频率并不是特别高,除2008年外,还有2011年C篇第4段,2010年A篇最后一段。不过,一旦出现切换,考生的快速反应对理解有莫大的帮助。此外,在基础写作和读写任务中,有大量的题材涉及时态切换,尤其是夹叙夹议类,务必养成关注时态的良好的写作习惯。
2. 区分“主干”和“附加成分” 提高阅读的流畅度。
有的学生到高三还分不清主句和从句,这是语法教学一个莫大的尴尬。分清句子的“主干”和“附加成分”是个好用易学的办法。请注意,附加成分仅仅在语法上次要,在意义上不一定次要。
[例2] (2011年 A篇) Last month, when I was driving home on a busy highway, I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient and angry, with some speeding up alongside me, horning or even shouting at me. At the moment I decided to do something I had never done in twenty-four years of driving. I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.
No more angry shouts and no more horns!
Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don’t feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often, it would be better if we don’t pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.
三处划线部分在语法和意义都是次要的,阅读时无视这些词(或者在心理上把它们看作一串省略号),能够减轻瞬时记忆的压力,提高速度。例如,在“People behind me began to get impatient and angry, with some speeding up alongside me, horning or even shouting at me.”中,主干的关键词是“不耐烦,生气”,with提出细节,补充说明他们是怎么一种不耐烦,于是在目光的快速流转中,眼睛逮到后面最熟悉的shout at sb. 与impatient and angry一致,那就搞定了。此外,末句如果按主次看待不同意群,则不但有利于理解,还可以让人感受到节奏美。 [例3] (2011年D篇) Finally, governments can avoid the huge expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.
本句两个画线部分在语法和意义上都是次要的。句子很长,考生读起来比较吃力。可以先尝试拿掉附加成分,看句子说不说得通:“避免高额的花销”,行;“把花费重新定位,加速改变”,是什么改变呢,好,from ... to ... ,足够了,因为前文多次提到可持续发展,那不用看都知道这里是从传统到新做法的转变。
[例4] (2012年C篇) One evening ... I carried on and found the bus stop, which was a request stop, where the bus wouldn’t stop unless passengers wanted to get on or off. ...
下划线处,语法上为次要成分,但意义上重要。request与stop连用,恐怕很多人不懂其含义,不要紧,解释就在后面——招手才停。类似此功能的语言标志物还有:or, that’s to say, in other words, to put simply, rather 等等。阅读时,遇到看不懂的表达,要敢于跳过,从接下来的陈述中寻求解答。
点评:
判断一个附加成分在意义上是否重要,需要大量的实践才能形成敏锐的触觉。也许有人会问,那么麻烦,一下子又拿不准,这方法好在哪呢?诚然,要是边阅读边念想着某几个词到底是主要还是次要,那反而陷入怪圈。要知道,策略只有在困难中才用得上。
从2011年A、D篇看来,越是难度高的篇章,长句越多,忽略附加成分就越派得上用场。即使附加成分含有极为重要的信息,在长句中先撇开它不管还是能够帮助考生快速判断意群、把握句子总体意思。从2012年C篇看来,如果“主干”理解有难度,那么具有解释说明作用的“附加成分”反而成为攻克难关的抓手。熟练运用该策略能够提高阅读的流畅度,减少难句、难词造成的卡壳。
小结:
有学生问,阅读练习做过很多但收效不明显,该怎么办。要取得良好的效果,学生必须要学会反思,形成行之有效的方法。在实践中形成和检验理论,并用理论指导实践,然后再产生新的理论。在理论与实践的往复循环中,不断进步。区分“主干”和“附加成分”是笔者在长期实践与反思中感悟出来的,希望对大家有启示,也鼓励大家发现新的方法、构建自己的体系。
二、语法填空:语境、语法同样重要
语法填空,顾名思义让人感觉是高考题中跟语法关系最大的项目了,其实你认真做做历年真题就会发现,考点并不深,反而是语境理解拉分。例如2011年,谈及作者在公交车上的奇遇一文第22题,当时在网上就有不同版本的参考答案,he 和they,差别就在于对情境的理解。因此,备考语法填空,要兼顾语境、语法。学生最好把历年真题的语法填空一次做完,统计考点,并对照自己的情况查漏补缺。
1. 把错题集落实到位。
[例5] (2008年高考)It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was very anxious to help 33 rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about it day and night.
第33题答案为物主代词his,常见错误是用冠词the。做题后的反思最重要:为什么会错?要是变成单选题,我可能会做对。在思路上,我要吸取教训:名词前面挖空,很可能填指示词,指示词包括形容词性物主代词、冠词、不定代词、序数词。
点评:
此题可以入错题集。收集错题不能流于形式,要有原则:一是只收录经典错题,别鸡毛蒜皮都收进去;二是简要记录思维过程,吃透了题目,即可避免下次犯错,通过一道题解决一类题;三是分门别类收集。
2. 区分“主干”和“附加成分” 快速甄别句子结构。
[例6] (2011年高考) Behind him were other people to 21 he was trying to talk.
(2012年高考)Whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, 22 made her feel like a star.
定语从句掌握得好的同学,能一下子判断出来。在“Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk. ”中,前五个单词构成了完整的句子,从to开始只能是句子的附加成分,于是考虑定语从句。同样地,第二句中,从开头到Mary为止是完整的一句话,后面带附加成分,用定语从句,填which,除非原题附加有and连接,and it made her feel like a star.
点评:
区分句子的“主干”和“附加成分”在对阅读理解真题分析中已有论述,其实这个小窍门在任何题型都用得上,因为不管你做什么题都一定要先理解了才做得出来。
小结:
语法填空顾名思义考语法,其实语境也非常重要。此题型对语法的考查不深,但是要求考生知识掌握得比较全面,因此需要用错题集把查漏补缺落到实处。对句子结构的考查,需要考生正确判别句子的“主干”和“附加成分”。句子结构的错误在错题集中应归为一个专项。 三、基础写作:在“主干”上添加“附加成分”,从容成文
基础写作难点在于组织和整合信息。考生首先要把信息分为五大组,之后,却仍然面对着把多个信息收入一个句子的难题。先确立主干,再添加附加成分,即可确保考生从容应试。
1. 基本方法示例。
[例7]
用一句话描述我们的城市:
(1)位于长江下游;
(2)面积超过300平方公里;
(3)人口一百万;
(4)是一个传统而又现代的城市。
假如设立信息点4为主干,可得出:Our city is a traditional yet modern city. (有一个谓语) 扩展此句可得:Located on ..., our city is a traditional yet modern one, covering/ which covers an area of ... with a population of ... (增加了过去分词、现在分词或定语从句,with介词短语)
假如设立信息点1、2为主干,可得出:Our city is located on the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and it covers an area of over 300 square km. (有两个谓语动词,用and连接)扩展此句可得:Our city, a traditional yet modern one with a population of ... , is located ... and it covers ... .(增加了同位语和with短语)
组合的方法还有很多,请注意,在这里我们不能而且也没必要穷尽所有的组合。关键是掌握方法,面对多个信息点,要优先把1-2个“主干”(即谓语动词)定好,主干的数量最好不超过2,附加成份的数量也别太多,三个封顶。
点评:
面对庞杂的信息,考生容易自乱阵脚。如果先把信息分割为五大组,并在每一组内部确立主干,考生就可立即占有心理优势,从容成文。而且,本方法可确保考生写出的句子结构完整,避免缺少谓语的情况发生。
2. 高考真题示例。
[例8] (2008年高考)(题目和构思过程略)
参考范文:①Shooting, originally a tool for people to survive in the world, was developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. ② Accepted as an Olympic program in 1896, it was suspended during the 1904 and 1928 Games. ③ It was only four years before the sport returned to the Olympics. ④ However, it was in the year 1968 that women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting. ⑤ With the sport becoming more and more popular, it has grown steadily from just 3 shooting events at the 1896 Olympic Games to 17 today.
本范文稳中有变的行文方式值得我们仿效。稳,指的是第①②④句按部就班地用了被动语态,第③⑤句用了主动语态;变,指的是划线处巧妙地运用了不同的结构,把不同类型“附加成分”嵌入到“主干”之间。文章显得既四平八稳,又曲折有致,堪比一座园林。
点评:
试想一下,如果文章从头到尾都是用and, but 来连接主干,虽然没错也可以用五句话表达,但是得分肯定比较低。“附加成分”如何添加,需要考虑多样性。学生平时多注意,对多种结构了然于心,就一定可以写出高质量的作文。
[例9] (2012年高考)
请根据以下信息,介绍一位传奇人物。
姓 名:Allan Stewart
国 籍:澳大利亚
出生日期:1915年3月7日
世界纪录:2006年获硕士学位时年龄最大
学习态度:挑战自我,永远为时不晚。
第一个学位:1936年获得
第二个学位:医学博士
第三个学位:80多岁时决定学习法律,2006年获得硕士学位。
第四个学位:2012年通过网络学习获得,善于合理安排学习时间,受到老师表扬。
题目一共给出了9个要点,可以先将信息点分成五组:
(1)个人基本概况(涵盖前四个要点)
(2)学习态度
(3)获得第一、二个学位
(4)获得第三个学位
(5)第四个学位
参考范文:Allan Stewart, an Australian old man, born on March 7, 1915, is the holder of the world record for being the oldest graduate. He thinks it is never too late to challenge oneself to achieve something worthwhile. He got his first degree in 1936, later along with a doctor’s degree of medicine. He decided to study law in his eighties, and he got the master’s degree in 2006, which was his third degree. In 2012, he obtained his fourth degree by distance learning, thus receiving praises from his teacher for his proper arrangement on his study schedule. 本范文与2008年题类似,运用了同位语、从句、分词、介词短语等多种“附加成分”,句式变化多。而本题还有一个特别之处,它需要考生判断信息重心所在。例如,首句选择“is the holder”做谓语,比“was born”做谓语要好。又如,末句也可以讲“He was praised by ... for arranging his study schedule well and obtaining his fourth degree in 2012.”,这样没有错,但远远不如用“obtained his fourth degree”做谓语,因为这个动词与前两句“got his first degree”“got the master’s degree”相一致,有连贯感,并且与文章中心意念相吻合。
点评:
要写出高分作文,有的东西比较微妙,例如本例提到的,主干的选定与文章的连贯居然还有一定关系。各位学友要做有心人,勤思考多练习,悟性在学习中非常重要。
小结:
还记得本系列论文之一(认识语法)中所描述的“保本型”和“增值型”语法吗?掌握好例1的基本操作可视为 “保本”,掌握好例2的操作可视为“增值”。基础一般的同学,宜脚踏实地稳当保本;潜力比较大的同学则要好好研究真题及其范文,在平日的写作练习中多运用。
四、读写任务:突破句式,增加亮点
1. 仿写、改写和扩写。
我们日常学习遇到精彩文段,要采取拿来主义的态度。例如2012年高考语法填空就有这样的描述:
Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sun glasses. He walked in as if he had bought the school.
不妨把它压缩一下,请对比:
Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He appeared in class one day. He looked proud.
这个版本干巴巴的,像是初一学生写的作文。怎么样才能写得像出自高中毕业生之手呢?增加细节!即在“主干”上增加“附加成分”。下划线所标注的都是状语,它们在语法上是次要的,但在意义上很重要。
仿写、改写和扩写,是练好句子的基本方法。其材料来源于教材、教辅资料、高考真题、英语读物、优秀作文中的片段。
笔者设计了以下练习,请扩写或改写。括号内是参考句型或改写要求,它们常见于精彩文段。
(1)2012年高考要点2:Mr. Chen is a special teacher (增加定语从句). He showed us the right way to learn (增加定语从句). Moreover, he talked with us about different aspects of life(增强对比).
(2)2011年高考要点1:My friend missed her parents a lot. She felt very sad. (用as if)
(3)2010年高考要点1:Money should not be used for encouragement. (用 no matter how)
(4)2010年高考要点3:Satisfaction and pride are best for kids(改用否定句). True motivation comes from the inside of the learner(加强对比).
(5)2009年题要点3:Animals should be respected. (用 no matter what)
(6)2008年题要点2:College life is more colorful. (增加细节)
参考答案:
(1)Mr. Chen is a special teacher who stands out among all others. He showed us the right way to learn, which is crucial to our sustainable development. (巧妙偷用2011年题阅读理解D篇关键词) Moreover, he talked with us about different aspects of life rather than just focused on the textbook and the exam.
(2)My friend missed her parents so much that she felt as if it was the end of the world.
(3)Money should not be used for encouragement no matter how appealing it seems.
(4)There is nothing better than the satisfaction and pride that the kids will get when they make progress. True motivation comes from the inside of the learner, not from anyone else on the outside.
(5)Animals should be respected no matter what situation they are in. (6)College life, which I have been long expecting, is more colorful with a wide variety of courses and activities.
点评:
细节传神韵,增加细节的方法有很多,同学们可以专门记录哪些句型特别好用。通常,so... that.../ such ... that ..., no matter, regardless of, due to, as if, with 短语和各种定语从句、同位语等等,是最常用最容易把握的句型,它们属于“增值型”语法。
2. 重视语法的表意功能。
2007年高考题要求考生写一封致父亲的信,要点3写自己对父亲的祝福。笑话可闹大了,很多人用了I wish 加从句,如I wish that you would be healthy. 愿望都不能实现,变成诅咒了。
而其实表达祝愿有这些句型:
I wish you to be cheerful. (wish sb. to do sth.)
I wish you good health. (wish sb. sth. )
I hope you are healthy and happy every day. (hope + 从句)
词语辨析的书通常会把hope, wish, want的各种用法罗列出来,其实知识点这么多要记也记不全、记不牢,像那个hope for sb. to do sth.通常是老师讲了等于白讲,那还不如专注于最重要的几个表达,牢牢记住。要知道,我们学习不能停留在考试。祝福在现实生活各种交际活动中很常见,是一个需要重点掌握的内容。师生要重视语法的表意功能。例如,虚拟句可以用来干什么呢?表达悔意、感激、喜好和憎恶。
I would have taken the chance if I had known it was “now or never”. 我要是早知道下次没有机会,我一定会把握好那一次。(悔意)
We won. We couldn’t have made it without our coach. 我们赢了。要是没有教练我们就不可能成功。(感激)
I do not like going to a casino. I would not go even if you paid me. 我不喜欢去赌场。你就算付钱让我去我也不去。(憎恶)
点评:
回顾系列一第三部分提到的“以退为进”原则,语法学习不求大而全。退下来的是难度,体系中的细枝末节;进上去的是学习的信心和愉悦感。减少的是记忆的量;增加的是记忆的牢固度。何乐而不为?
小结:
再次提醒各位学友,不管哪个年级,都会有老师滔滔不绝地讲解课文,恐有任何遗漏。请参考“三足鼎立论语法(Ⅰ):认识语法”中的“识别型”“增值型”“保本型”划分。每个老师都有他自己的风格和长处,大量讲解的老师和少量讲解的老师都能够培养出优秀的学生,首先要坚信这一点。如果你觉得对知识点讲解感到很厌烦,请记住,你不能选择你的老师,但是你能够选择你听课和吸收的方式。无论是语法点还是词汇点,都可分为这三种类型,希望你把握好。最后,我们要做语法的主人,让语法为我们服务!我们不要做语法的奴隶,被它牵着鼻子走。
结束语
短短几页纸,只能起到点拨的作用,无法穷尽语法的奥妙。最好把三篇文章重新再看一遍,以取得一种整体的、连贯的学习体验。本系列论文到此已论述完毕,但是,学友们的实践和反思绝不能到此为止。愿各位学友在学习的道路上走得更稳,走得更远,走得更有门道!
(作者单位:佛山市第一中学)
责任编校 蒋小青
一、阅读理解:我们视觉上的盲点
阅读理解训练在分类型方面已经相当成熟,对于主旨大意题、猜词题、文章结构题、深层理解题、事实细节题等等,都有非常细致的应考策略。不过,要是没有深厚的功底,招式根本用不上。语法应用就是功底的体现,但这常常是师生的视觉盲点。
1. 把握“主干”时态转换 快速掌握文章脉络。
[例1](2008年阅读A篇) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.
“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?’” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”
Music was not the only gulf.
Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow.
选择2008年真题的原因是它具有相当的难度。如果题目简单,大家都开心但是拉不开差距。如果题目具有挑战性,那就看谁更醒目。本篇篇幅长,时间有跨度,讲述的又是深层次的问题,间或出现了难以理解的新词和新句型。如果按部就班读下来,很容易卡住。关键是把握好时态切换的转折点,其标志物是第1、4段开头的today和第1段末尾的 “when he was a teenager”。你一看见today,头脑中要马上反应出来,这是讲述现状的,而夹在中间的第2, 3段,则是作者回忆过往。相应地,各个句子的谓语动词,同时也是句子的“主干”,与它的时间归属一一对应,文章脉络自然清晰地凸现起来。
点评:
学校里教时态,通常搞得很细,每个时态恨不得都有“三大纪律八项注意”。其实,根本的才是最重要的。基础知识掌握得再好、再细,临场都不能为你攻克难关的话,是不是有点可惜?英语很多知识点很零碎,但是系统框架是最重要的。就时态而言,过去的事情用过去时,现在的事情用现在时,如此简单。阅读理解中,要有意识地培养自己对时态的敏感度。
时态切换在真题中出现的频率并不是特别高,除2008年外,还有2011年C篇第4段,2010年A篇最后一段。不过,一旦出现切换,考生的快速反应对理解有莫大的帮助。此外,在基础写作和读写任务中,有大量的题材涉及时态切换,尤其是夹叙夹议类,务必养成关注时态的良好的写作习惯。
2. 区分“主干”和“附加成分” 提高阅读的流畅度。
有的学生到高三还分不清主句和从句,这是语法教学一个莫大的尴尬。分清句子的“主干”和“附加成分”是个好用易学的办法。请注意,附加成分仅仅在语法上次要,在意义上不一定次要。
[例2] (2011年 A篇) Last month, when I was driving home on a busy highway, I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient and angry, with some speeding up alongside me, horning or even shouting at me. At the moment I decided to do something I had never done in twenty-four years of driving. I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.
No more angry shouts and no more horns!
Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don’t feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often, it would be better if we don’t pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.
三处划线部分在语法和意义都是次要的,阅读时无视这些词(或者在心理上把它们看作一串省略号),能够减轻瞬时记忆的压力,提高速度。例如,在“People behind me began to get impatient and angry, with some speeding up alongside me, horning or even shouting at me.”中,主干的关键词是“不耐烦,生气”,with提出细节,补充说明他们是怎么一种不耐烦,于是在目光的快速流转中,眼睛逮到后面最熟悉的shout at sb. 与impatient and angry一致,那就搞定了。此外,末句如果按主次看待不同意群,则不但有利于理解,还可以让人感受到节奏美。 [例3] (2011年D篇) Finally, governments can avoid the huge expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.
本句两个画线部分在语法和意义上都是次要的。句子很长,考生读起来比较吃力。可以先尝试拿掉附加成分,看句子说不说得通:“避免高额的花销”,行;“把花费重新定位,加速改变”,是什么改变呢,好,from ... to ... ,足够了,因为前文多次提到可持续发展,那不用看都知道这里是从传统到新做法的转变。
[例4] (2012年C篇) One evening ... I carried on and found the bus stop, which was a request stop, where the bus wouldn’t stop unless passengers wanted to get on or off. ...
下划线处,语法上为次要成分,但意义上重要。request与stop连用,恐怕很多人不懂其含义,不要紧,解释就在后面——招手才停。类似此功能的语言标志物还有:or, that’s to say, in other words, to put simply, rather 等等。阅读时,遇到看不懂的表达,要敢于跳过,从接下来的陈述中寻求解答。
点评:
判断一个附加成分在意义上是否重要,需要大量的实践才能形成敏锐的触觉。也许有人会问,那么麻烦,一下子又拿不准,这方法好在哪呢?诚然,要是边阅读边念想着某几个词到底是主要还是次要,那反而陷入怪圈。要知道,策略只有在困难中才用得上。
从2011年A、D篇看来,越是难度高的篇章,长句越多,忽略附加成分就越派得上用场。即使附加成分含有极为重要的信息,在长句中先撇开它不管还是能够帮助考生快速判断意群、把握句子总体意思。从2012年C篇看来,如果“主干”理解有难度,那么具有解释说明作用的“附加成分”反而成为攻克难关的抓手。熟练运用该策略能够提高阅读的流畅度,减少难句、难词造成的卡壳。
小结:
有学生问,阅读练习做过很多但收效不明显,该怎么办。要取得良好的效果,学生必须要学会反思,形成行之有效的方法。在实践中形成和检验理论,并用理论指导实践,然后再产生新的理论。在理论与实践的往复循环中,不断进步。区分“主干”和“附加成分”是笔者在长期实践与反思中感悟出来的,希望对大家有启示,也鼓励大家发现新的方法、构建自己的体系。
二、语法填空:语境、语法同样重要
语法填空,顾名思义让人感觉是高考题中跟语法关系最大的项目了,其实你认真做做历年真题就会发现,考点并不深,反而是语境理解拉分。例如2011年,谈及作者在公交车上的奇遇一文第22题,当时在网上就有不同版本的参考答案,he 和they,差别就在于对情境的理解。因此,备考语法填空,要兼顾语境、语法。学生最好把历年真题的语法填空一次做完,统计考点,并对照自己的情况查漏补缺。
1. 把错题集落实到位。
[例5] (2008年高考)It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was very anxious to help 33 rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about it day and night.
第33题答案为物主代词his,常见错误是用冠词the。做题后的反思最重要:为什么会错?要是变成单选题,我可能会做对。在思路上,我要吸取教训:名词前面挖空,很可能填指示词,指示词包括形容词性物主代词、冠词、不定代词、序数词。
点评:
此题可以入错题集。收集错题不能流于形式,要有原则:一是只收录经典错题,别鸡毛蒜皮都收进去;二是简要记录思维过程,吃透了题目,即可避免下次犯错,通过一道题解决一类题;三是分门别类收集。
2. 区分“主干”和“附加成分” 快速甄别句子结构。
[例6] (2011年高考) Behind him were other people to 21 he was trying to talk.
(2012年高考)Whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, 22 made her feel like a star.
定语从句掌握得好的同学,能一下子判断出来。在“Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk. ”中,前五个单词构成了完整的句子,从to开始只能是句子的附加成分,于是考虑定语从句。同样地,第二句中,从开头到Mary为止是完整的一句话,后面带附加成分,用定语从句,填which,除非原题附加有and连接,and it made her feel like a star.
点评:
区分句子的“主干”和“附加成分”在对阅读理解真题分析中已有论述,其实这个小窍门在任何题型都用得上,因为不管你做什么题都一定要先理解了才做得出来。
小结:
语法填空顾名思义考语法,其实语境也非常重要。此题型对语法的考查不深,但是要求考生知识掌握得比较全面,因此需要用错题集把查漏补缺落到实处。对句子结构的考查,需要考生正确判别句子的“主干”和“附加成分”。句子结构的错误在错题集中应归为一个专项。 三、基础写作:在“主干”上添加“附加成分”,从容成文
基础写作难点在于组织和整合信息。考生首先要把信息分为五大组,之后,却仍然面对着把多个信息收入一个句子的难题。先确立主干,再添加附加成分,即可确保考生从容应试。
1. 基本方法示例。
[例7]
用一句话描述我们的城市:
(1)位于长江下游;
(2)面积超过300平方公里;
(3)人口一百万;
(4)是一个传统而又现代的城市。
假如设立信息点4为主干,可得出:Our city is a traditional yet modern city. (有一个谓语) 扩展此句可得:Located on ..., our city is a traditional yet modern one, covering/ which covers an area of ... with a population of ... (增加了过去分词、现在分词或定语从句,with介词短语)
假如设立信息点1、2为主干,可得出:Our city is located on the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and it covers an area of over 300 square km. (有两个谓语动词,用and连接)扩展此句可得:Our city, a traditional yet modern one with a population of ... , is located ... and it covers ... .(增加了同位语和with短语)
组合的方法还有很多,请注意,在这里我们不能而且也没必要穷尽所有的组合。关键是掌握方法,面对多个信息点,要优先把1-2个“主干”(即谓语动词)定好,主干的数量最好不超过2,附加成份的数量也别太多,三个封顶。
点评:
面对庞杂的信息,考生容易自乱阵脚。如果先把信息分割为五大组,并在每一组内部确立主干,考生就可立即占有心理优势,从容成文。而且,本方法可确保考生写出的句子结构完整,避免缺少谓语的情况发生。
2. 高考真题示例。
[例8] (2008年高考)(题目和构思过程略)
参考范文:①Shooting, originally a tool for people to survive in the world, was developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. ② Accepted as an Olympic program in 1896, it was suspended during the 1904 and 1928 Games. ③ It was only four years before the sport returned to the Olympics. ④ However, it was in the year 1968 that women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting. ⑤ With the sport becoming more and more popular, it has grown steadily from just 3 shooting events at the 1896 Olympic Games to 17 today.
本范文稳中有变的行文方式值得我们仿效。稳,指的是第①②④句按部就班地用了被动语态,第③⑤句用了主动语态;变,指的是划线处巧妙地运用了不同的结构,把不同类型“附加成分”嵌入到“主干”之间。文章显得既四平八稳,又曲折有致,堪比一座园林。
点评:
试想一下,如果文章从头到尾都是用and, but 来连接主干,虽然没错也可以用五句话表达,但是得分肯定比较低。“附加成分”如何添加,需要考虑多样性。学生平时多注意,对多种结构了然于心,就一定可以写出高质量的作文。
[例9] (2012年高考)
请根据以下信息,介绍一位传奇人物。
姓 名:Allan Stewart
国 籍:澳大利亚
出生日期:1915年3月7日
世界纪录:2006年获硕士学位时年龄最大
学习态度:挑战自我,永远为时不晚。
第一个学位:1936年获得
第二个学位:医学博士
第三个学位:80多岁时决定学习法律,2006年获得硕士学位。
第四个学位:2012年通过网络学习获得,善于合理安排学习时间,受到老师表扬。
题目一共给出了9个要点,可以先将信息点分成五组:
(1)个人基本概况(涵盖前四个要点)
(2)学习态度
(3)获得第一、二个学位
(4)获得第三个学位
(5)第四个学位
参考范文:Allan Stewart, an Australian old man, born on March 7, 1915, is the holder of the world record for being the oldest graduate. He thinks it is never too late to challenge oneself to achieve something worthwhile. He got his first degree in 1936, later along with a doctor’s degree of medicine. He decided to study law in his eighties, and he got the master’s degree in 2006, which was his third degree. In 2012, he obtained his fourth degree by distance learning, thus receiving praises from his teacher for his proper arrangement on his study schedule. 本范文与2008年题类似,运用了同位语、从句、分词、介词短语等多种“附加成分”,句式变化多。而本题还有一个特别之处,它需要考生判断信息重心所在。例如,首句选择“is the holder”做谓语,比“was born”做谓语要好。又如,末句也可以讲“He was praised by ... for arranging his study schedule well and obtaining his fourth degree in 2012.”,这样没有错,但远远不如用“obtained his fourth degree”做谓语,因为这个动词与前两句“got his first degree”“got the master’s degree”相一致,有连贯感,并且与文章中心意念相吻合。
点评:
要写出高分作文,有的东西比较微妙,例如本例提到的,主干的选定与文章的连贯居然还有一定关系。各位学友要做有心人,勤思考多练习,悟性在学习中非常重要。
小结:
还记得本系列论文之一(认识语法)中所描述的“保本型”和“增值型”语法吗?掌握好例1的基本操作可视为 “保本”,掌握好例2的操作可视为“增值”。基础一般的同学,宜脚踏实地稳当保本;潜力比较大的同学则要好好研究真题及其范文,在平日的写作练习中多运用。
四、读写任务:突破句式,增加亮点
1. 仿写、改写和扩写。
我们日常学习遇到精彩文段,要采取拿来主义的态度。例如2012年高考语法填空就有这样的描述:
Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, wearing sun glasses. He walked in as if he had bought the school.
不妨把它压缩一下,请对比:
Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He appeared in class one day. He looked proud.
这个版本干巴巴的,像是初一学生写的作文。怎么样才能写得像出自高中毕业生之手呢?增加细节!即在“主干”上增加“附加成分”。下划线所标注的都是状语,它们在语法上是次要的,但在意义上很重要。
仿写、改写和扩写,是练好句子的基本方法。其材料来源于教材、教辅资料、高考真题、英语读物、优秀作文中的片段。
笔者设计了以下练习,请扩写或改写。括号内是参考句型或改写要求,它们常见于精彩文段。
(1)2012年高考要点2:Mr. Chen is a special teacher (增加定语从句). He showed us the right way to learn (增加定语从句). Moreover, he talked with us about different aspects of life(增强对比).
(2)2011年高考要点1:My friend missed her parents a lot. She felt very sad. (用as if)
(3)2010年高考要点1:Money should not be used for encouragement. (用 no matter how)
(4)2010年高考要点3:Satisfaction and pride are best for kids(改用否定句). True motivation comes from the inside of the learner(加强对比).
(5)2009年题要点3:Animals should be respected. (用 no matter what)
(6)2008年题要点2:College life is more colorful. (增加细节)
参考答案:
(1)Mr. Chen is a special teacher who stands out among all others. He showed us the right way to learn, which is crucial to our sustainable development. (巧妙偷用2011年题阅读理解D篇关键词) Moreover, he talked with us about different aspects of life rather than just focused on the textbook and the exam.
(2)My friend missed her parents so much that she felt as if it was the end of the world.
(3)Money should not be used for encouragement no matter how appealing it seems.
(4)There is nothing better than the satisfaction and pride that the kids will get when they make progress. True motivation comes from the inside of the learner, not from anyone else on the outside.
(5)Animals should be respected no matter what situation they are in. (6)College life, which I have been long expecting, is more colorful with a wide variety of courses and activities.
点评:
细节传神韵,增加细节的方法有很多,同学们可以专门记录哪些句型特别好用。通常,so... that.../ such ... that ..., no matter, regardless of, due to, as if, with 短语和各种定语从句、同位语等等,是最常用最容易把握的句型,它们属于“增值型”语法。
2. 重视语法的表意功能。
2007年高考题要求考生写一封致父亲的信,要点3写自己对父亲的祝福。笑话可闹大了,很多人用了I wish 加从句,如I wish that you would be healthy. 愿望都不能实现,变成诅咒了。
而其实表达祝愿有这些句型:
I wish you to be cheerful. (wish sb. to do sth.)
I wish you good health. (wish sb. sth. )
I hope you are healthy and happy every day. (hope + 从句)
词语辨析的书通常会把hope, wish, want的各种用法罗列出来,其实知识点这么多要记也记不全、记不牢,像那个hope for sb. to do sth.通常是老师讲了等于白讲,那还不如专注于最重要的几个表达,牢牢记住。要知道,我们学习不能停留在考试。祝福在现实生活各种交际活动中很常见,是一个需要重点掌握的内容。师生要重视语法的表意功能。例如,虚拟句可以用来干什么呢?表达悔意、感激、喜好和憎恶。
I would have taken the chance if I had known it was “now or never”. 我要是早知道下次没有机会,我一定会把握好那一次。(悔意)
We won. We couldn’t have made it without our coach. 我们赢了。要是没有教练我们就不可能成功。(感激)
I do not like going to a casino. I would not go even if you paid me. 我不喜欢去赌场。你就算付钱让我去我也不去。(憎恶)
点评:
回顾系列一第三部分提到的“以退为进”原则,语法学习不求大而全。退下来的是难度,体系中的细枝末节;进上去的是学习的信心和愉悦感。减少的是记忆的量;增加的是记忆的牢固度。何乐而不为?
小结:
再次提醒各位学友,不管哪个年级,都会有老师滔滔不绝地讲解课文,恐有任何遗漏。请参考“三足鼎立论语法(Ⅰ):认识语法”中的“识别型”“增值型”“保本型”划分。每个老师都有他自己的风格和长处,大量讲解的老师和少量讲解的老师都能够培养出优秀的学生,首先要坚信这一点。如果你觉得对知识点讲解感到很厌烦,请记住,你不能选择你的老师,但是你能够选择你听课和吸收的方式。无论是语法点还是词汇点,都可分为这三种类型,希望你把握好。最后,我们要做语法的主人,让语法为我们服务!我们不要做语法的奴隶,被它牵着鼻子走。
结束语
短短几页纸,只能起到点拨的作用,无法穷尽语法的奥妙。最好把三篇文章重新再看一遍,以取得一种整体的、连贯的学习体验。本系列论文到此已论述完毕,但是,学友们的实践和反思绝不能到此为止。愿各位学友在学习的道路上走得更稳,走得更远,走得更有门道!
(作者单位:佛山市第一中学)
责任编校 蒋小青