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中国历代统治者十分重视教育与教化,明代建城运动中,涉及一系列与城市建筑相关的制度重建,作为儒家正统象征并且能够起到教化作用的孔庙与儒学建筑,是各地方城市最为重要的建设项目之一,特别受到了地方官吏的重视。当代人根据历史文献中所记载的资料统计,明代时,全国有府、州、县三级儒学所附之文庙约1560所,到清代时这一数字增加到了1800多所。现存各种等级的儒学与孔庙建筑遗存,已经在寥寥可数之列(有一说为30多处)了。本文的目标是将明代地方城市中的儒学与孔庙作为一种建筑现象,从建筑史学的角度,对明代建城运动中,各地方建设中曾占有重要地位的儒学与孔庙建筑的等级制度做一个综览性的梳理与分析,以期对不同等级的城市建筑制度,收到一种管窥之理解效果。
Chinese rulers have attached great importance to education and enlightenment. In the Ming Dynasty, there were a series of institutional rebuilding related to urban architecture, Confucian Temple and Confucianism as orthodox symbols of Confucianism and Confucianism construction, which are the most important constructions in various local cities One of the projects is particularly valued by local officials. Contemporary people according to the historical records of the data recorded in the Ming Dynasty, the country has prefectural, prefectural and three levels of Confucianism Confucian Temple attached to about 1560, to the Qing Dynasty when the number increased to more than 1800. The extant Confucianism and the remains of Confucian temples are all very few (some say more than 30). The goal of this article is to take Confucianism and Confucian Temple in the local cities of the Ming Dynasty as an architectural phenomenon, from the perspective of architectural history, to make a comprehensive study of the hierarchical system of Confucianism and Confucian Temple architecture, which played an important role in the construction of cities in the Ming Dynasty and in various localities In order to understand the different levels of urban construction system, we received a glimpse of the comprehension effect.