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Through the comparisons among 91 tRNA Trp sequences from prokaryotes, archea and eukaryotes, the potential species-specific identity elements of tRNA Trp are found to be located within acceptor stem, dihydrouridine (D) stem, anticodon(AC) stem and discriminator base. Mutagenesis of B. subtilis tRNA Trp to the eukaryotic consensus sequence, in vitro transcription and enzymatic assay of tRNA Trp toward different tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases (TrpRS)were employed to shed light on these species-specific identity elements and demonstrate the accurate recognition and the coevolution between tRNA and TrpRS. B. subtilis tRNA Trp with its acceptor stem and discriminator base transplanted by eukaryotic counterparts exhibited diminished reactivity toward B. subtilis enzyme but could be efficiently aminoacylated by rat liver crude enzyme. In contrast, B. subtilis tRNA Trp analog with the eukaryotic anticodon stem and D stem retains its recognition by B. subtilis enzyme. The results provide a strong evidence that the species-specific identity elements of tRNA Trp are orientated within the acceptor stem and discriminator base of tRNA Trp, and the anticodon stem and D stem are of little importance to the interaction between tRNA Trp and its cognate synthetase (TrpRS).