明清之际士人生存境遇之艰难，舆论之苛严，在今天已经近乎是常识性的言论。在类似＂土室＂、＂牛车＂①的自我禁锢中和诸如＂有死无贰＂②、＂我久欠一死矣＂③、＂吾此心安者死耳＂④的语境下，明清之际的士阶层被人们毋庸置疑地划归为一个自守、缺乏生气的群体。　　　 In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the hardships of the survival of scholars and the strictness of public opinion are almost commonsense remarks today. In the context of self-imprisonment such as “earth room” and “ox cart”, and in the context of such as “death without second” ②, “I have a dead one for a long time” ③, “I am the dead of the peace” ④, On the occasion of the Qing Dynasty, the taxi class was undoubtedly classified as a self-conscious and life-less group.