一、质变范畴 所谓质变是关于事物由一种质态向另一种质态转化的范畴,事物的连续和渐进性的中断,统一物的分解相持、平衡和静止状态的破坏。质变是多种多样的,要把握质变应当遵循从客观世界实际质变现象出发的原则和根据社会实践需要的原则,根据不同的标准,对质变进行分类 客观世界是无限的,人们的社会实践的需要是具体的历史的,这就决定了质变分类的标准也是多样的、变化的。 第一,依据客观世界具有不同领域可以划分为自然界、社会和思维三大领域。以领域为标准,可以把质变划分为自然界中的质变、社会中的质变和思维中的质变。其中每一类质变都有多种质变形式。如自然领域的原子、分子的生灭,星系物质的生灭,生物的物种和个体的生灭等;社会领域中如有生产力的变革、社会形态的更替等;思维领域中有感性认识向理性认识的飞跃,爱因斯坦的时空观取代牛顿的时空观等等。 第二、依据物质运动的五种基本运动形式为标准进行分类。质变属于运动。运动既然可以划分为五种基本形式,质变当然可以依据这一标准划分为五种基本类型。在机械运动中,质变表现为物体位置的“在”与“不在”的相互转化;在物理运动中质变表现为物体的物理性质的根本变化,如H_2O由冰变为水,或由水变为水蒸汽等;在化学运动中质变表现为 I. Quality Change The so-called quality change is about the transformation of things from one quality state to another, the continuous and gradual interruption of things, the disintegration and unification of unification things, the balance and the destruction of the state of rest. Quality change is diverse. To grasp qualitative change, we should follow the principle of actual qualitative change in the objective world and the principle of social practice according to different criteria to classify the qualitative change. The objective world is infinite and the needs of people’s social practice Is a specific historical, which determines the standards of qualitative change is diverse and changing. First, according to the objective world has different areas can be divided into three major areas of nature, society and thinking. Taking the field as a standard, qualitative changes can be divided into qualitative changes in nature, qualitative changes in society, and qualitative changes in thinking. Each of these qualitative changes has a variety of qualitative changes. Such as the birth and death of atoms in the field of nature, the birth and death of molecules, the birth and death of galactic material, the species of living things and the birth and death of individuals; the changes in the social field such as productivity and social forms; the perceptual knowledge in the field of thinking is rational Leap of understanding, Einstein’s concept of time and space to replace Newton’s concept of time and space and so on. Second, according to the material movement of the five basic forms of movement for the standard classification. Qualitative change is the movement. Since the movement can be divided into five basic forms, qualitative change can of course be divided into five basic types according to this criterion. In mechanical movement, the qualitative change manifests itself as the mutual conversion between “in” and “not” in the position of the object. In the physical movement, the qualitative change manifests itself as a fundamental change in the physical properties of the object. For example, H 2 O changes from ice to water or from water to Water vapor, etc .; chemical changes in the quality of performance