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现代生命科学的发展尤其注重极端条件下生物体系的潜力。作为工业生物技术科学的一个分支,现代酶技术广泛探索如何极大限度地使酶在细胞外长期保持活性,并能有效地适应非生态环境的条件。纳米科学的迅速发展为酶的稳定和高效催化转化带来了新的机遇。纳米材料和酶技术结合可制备纳米酶催化剂,其纳米结构不仅能使酶在不同体系长期保持活性稳定,而且能提高水相、有机相、油-水界面的催化效率,并使多酶体系催化反应和辅酶再生成为可能。纳米颗粒的高曲率能降低酶固定化时的变构,纳米颗粒的布朗运动使纳米固定化酶和底物频繁碰撞,大幅度提高催化效率。同样,纳米纤维和纳米孔均能很好地保持酶的活性。用合适的纳米颗粒和纳米纤维修饰酶,可使酶自组装于油-水界面,不仅加速了油-水界面反应,而且使酶在油-水界面保持稳定。纳米孔还使伴随辅酶再生的多酶催化体系成为可能。深入研究纳米结构对酶稳定性的影响规律,从而根据酶的特性设计最佳的纳米结构是今后的挑战。利用多酶催化体系的工业生物技术是一个极具挑战性和前瞻性的发展方向。同时,微反应器的设计使纳米酶的回收利用成为可能,将带来更大的工业应用优势。
The development of modern life science pays particular attention to the potential of biological systems under extreme conditions. As a branch of industrial biotechnology science, modern enzyme technology explores extensively how to maximize the enzyme’s ability to remain active extracellularly and to adapt effectively to non-ecological conditions. The rapid development of nanoscience brings new opportunities for the stable and efficient catalytic conversion of enzymes. Nanomaterials and enzyme technology can be prepared nano-enzyme catalyst, the nano-structure can not only make the enzyme in different systems long-term activity and stability, but also improve the aqueous phase, organic phase, oil-water interface catalytic efficiency, and multi-enzyme catalytic system Reactions and coenzyme regeneration are possible. The high curvature of the nanoparticle can reduce the conformation of the immobilized enzyme. The Brownian motion of the nanoparticle collides with the immobilized enzyme and the substrate frequently, greatly improving the catalytic efficiency. Similarly, both nanofibers and nanopores maintain enzyme activity well. Modification of the enzyme with the appropriate nanoparticles and nanofibers enables the enzyme to self-assemble at the oil-water interface, which not only accelerates the oil-water interface reaction but also keeps the enzyme at the oil-water interface. Nanopores also make multi-enzyme catalytic systems with coenzyme regeneration possible. In-depth study of the influence of nanostructures on the stability of the enzyme, so the optimal nanostructures based on the characteristics of the enzyme is the future challenge. The use of multi-enzyme catalytic system of industrial biotechnology is a very challenging and forward-looking direction of development. At the same time, the design of microreactors makes it possible to recycle nano-enzymes, which will bring greater industrial application advantages.