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In 2014, the Chinese government announced a proposed system to intervene minors’ guardianship to legally protect minors’ rights and interests. According to the law, parents who do not perform their duties should be deprived of guardianship. At the time, the media and experts all discussed the problem and made it a hot topic whom minors’ custody belonging to. We should find the reason for the abuses of children and parents’ default in China.
2014年，中国政府宣布拟出台未成年人监护干预制度，从法律层面保护未成年人权益不受侵害。而且法律还将规定，父母失责将取消监护权。一时间，各路媒体、专家纷纷探讨父母的监护权问题，也让未成年人监护权到底归谁所有，成为热议话题。究其原因，还得追溯到中国大地时常上演的各种虐童和父母失责的戏码。
China: endless child abuses
中国：层出不穷的虐童现象
On November 16th, 2012, five children’s dead bodies were found at street dumpsters in Qi Xingguan District, Bijie City, Guizhou Province. Post-investigation found that they had lived homeless life for a long time, which made the public seethe with indignation.
Also in 2012, a boy aged three and a half years named Lele, in Longgang District, Shenzhen, was wounded by his mother for not being obedient when having a meal, and he was then dead after many days of coma.
In May, 2013, a villager Yang Shihai in Goupi Village, Shichang Town, Jinsha County, Guizhou Province was found to have kept ruthlessly maltreating his ten-year-old biological daughter for five years in the way of cruelly beating, burning her head with boiled water, clamping her hand with pliers, pricking her finger with needles, making her kneel on saw tooth and others.
On June 21st, 2013, two little girls in Jiangning District, Nanjing, were found dead from hunger at home, and they were only one year old and three years old respectively…
2012年11月16日，中国贵州毕节市七星关区街头的垃圾箱内，惊现5名未成年人的尸体，事后调查发现5名孩童生前长期流浪在外，一时舆论哗然。
同样是在2012年，中国深圳龙岗区一名三岁半的男童乐乐因为吃饭时不听话，被母亲打伤，昏迷多日后不治身亡。
2013年5月，贵州省金沙县石场乡构皮村村民杨世海在长达5年的时间里，用毒打、开水烫头、钳子夹手、针扎手指、跪锯齿等方式对10岁的亲生女儿进行残忍虐待。
2013年6月21日，南京市江宁区两名幼女被发现饿死家中，两名女童分别只有1岁和3岁……
Endless “child abuse” cases not only make the world shock, but also expose China’s deficiency in minors’ custody and supervision. It makes people think when a healthy and sunny growing environment for juveniles can really come?
层出不穷的“虐童”案例，让世人触目惊心之余，更暴露了中国在未成年人监护监督方面存在的缺失。这也让世人开始思考，未成年人需要的健康、阳光的成长环境什么时候才能真正到来？
In European and American countries, negligent parents deserve severe punishment
欧美国家：父母失职，惩罚严厉
However, from world reports, this kind of phenomenon does not only exist in China. There are cases of parents’ lack of responsibility in Japan, America, Holland and other countries. According to Child Abuse, an annual investigation report issued by American Government Bureau for Children in 2011, “there were 1537 children dead of maltreatment or overlook in 51 states in America in 2010.” At the same time, Chinese People's Network reported that, “according to statistics, there are about 95 thousand of child abuse complaints in France every year and 20% of them turn out to be true. Over 90% are committed by immediate family members with physical and mental abuses as the main part. Slightly different from China, most European and American countries have enacted strict punishment mechanism to deal with parents’ negligence of guardianship.
然而，纵观世界各国报道，父母失责现象绝非中国仅有。日本、美国、荷兰等国家也有不少父母监护权不到位、责任缺失的案例。据美国政府儿童局2011年发布的《儿童虐待》年度调查报告显示:“2010年，美国五十一个州共有1537名儿童因受到虐待或忽视而死。”同时，据中国人民网报道,“据统计，每年法国约有9.5万虐童投诉，调查后发现，其中约20%属实。这些案件90%以上是自己家庭直系亲属所为，并以体罚与心理虐待为主。”
与中国略微不同的是，目前绝大多数欧美国家制定了严格的惩罚机制，以应对父母监护不到位的问题。
In September, 2003, a 25-year-old American mother Turgut hit her four-year-old daughter on impulse, and was stripped of her custody by the American government and sentenced to three years in prison. Also in America, on April 22nd, 2012, an American mother allowed her child to swim alone, since juveniles cannot guarantee their safety when swimming alone; the mother was arrested.
In 2009, an underage Dutch girl Laura Dike decided to sail around the world alone with the support of her parents. The Holland Social Welfare Institute thought that the parents’ agreement lacked of responsibility. For that, Laura was banned to go on the tour and her parents were stripped of custody for two months.
According to the news, in March, 2010, a woman in Osaka, Japan locked her three-year-old daughter and one-year-old son at home. Since she had not left enough food, two kids starved to death when she came back at the end of June. The Japanese court sentenced her to 30 years in prison.
Besides, according to a Hong Kong report, a 33-year-old British widow neglected her children because of addiction to games, and she was sentenced to prison on the charge of child abuse. According to a local TV station in New Zealand, “a father who had just immigrated there was sentenced to six months in prison because he slapped his own child on the street.”
2003年9月，25岁的美国妈妈图古特因冲动出手打了自己4岁的女儿，随后被美国政府剥夺了她的抚养权，并处以3年的监禁。同样在美国，2012年4月22日，美国一位母亲应允自己的孩子独自游泳，因孩童属于未成年人，独自游泳不能保证其安全性，最终这位母亲被逮捕。
2009年，荷兰未成年少女劳拉·戴克在父母支持下，决定独自驾船环游世界。荷兰社会福利院认为，她父母的赞同是不负责任的行为。因此，不仅禁止劳拉出游，还临时剥夺了劳拉父母两个月的监护权。
根据媒体消息, 2010年3月，日本大阪女子将3岁的女儿和1岁的儿子锁在屋内，因为没给孩子预留足够的食物，等到她6月底再返回住所时，两个孩子已经饿死。最终，日本法院判处她30年监禁。
此外，据香港媒体报道，33岁的英国寡妇沉迷游戏，疏于照顾未成年子女，最终，这名妇女被判虐待儿童罪而入狱。另据新西兰当地电视台报道，一位刚移民到此的父亲，在街上打了自家孩子一耳光，最后这位父亲被法庭判罚6个月的监禁。
All these “chilling” cases not only raise global concern, but also draw the attention of many legal experts and human rights defenders. Problems come one after another. Did the cases happen by accident or inevitably? Were there any deep-seated reasons behind them? How to protect minors’ legal rights and interests and put an end to such kind of tragedies? 这一桩桩“心寒”案例的出现，不仅引起了全球的关注，也得到了不少法律专家、人权主义者的重视。纵观这些案例，究竟是事出偶然还是必然？父母失责背后有何深层次原因？如何真切保护未成年人的合法权益，杜绝诸如此类的悲剧重演?
Did it happen for a reason?
事出有因？
Investigation once found that unintentional injury is the “chief culprit” of the death of children under the age of fourteen. There are more than 1 million children under this age died from unintentional injuries every year and the number is on the rise, which directly exposes parents’ negligence of custody in daily life.
According to an American report in 2010: 36.3% of abusers are at the age from 20 to 29, 31.8% from 30 to 39, and 14.1% from 40 to 49.” What can be seen from the statistics is that the younger the parents are, the less guardianship they may provide. Toennies, a German sociologist once said: “In city life, the relationship among relatives and neighbors are declining day by day. People lack common value and standard that the things they care about are their own interests. Therefore, city life is of egoistic values, people’s relationships falling apart and becoming unscrupulous and selfish.” The saying is more suitable for parents in their early 20s. Many of them just come out the “harbor”, and suddenly are told to face the “cruel reality” of raising the next generation when they themselves expect good life in the future, so they are booked for impatience or even propensity for violence. At the same time, according to Japan Labor Ministry, over 80% of married people under the age of 20 have shotgun marriages. Becoming parents “overnight”, these young people are not ready for this, and are easy to take out of their anger on children as long as life or work does not go well. Besides, parents in countries of traditional family concepts and patriarchal families treat children as their private possession, which can be disposed at will. Some decayed ideas like “A dutiful son comes from beating,” and “Spare the rod, spoil the child” are even popular nowadays, especially among young parents who have not received good education.
曾有调查显示，意外伤害是14岁以下儿童死亡的“罪魁祸首”。全世界每年有超过100万的14岁以下儿童死于意外伤害，且这一数据有增长趋势。这一调查也直接暴露了全球家长在日常监护过程中存在的种种不足。
据美国2010年的一份报告显示：“36.3%的虐待人年龄在20岁-29岁之间，31.8%的虐待人在30岁-39岁之间，14.1%在40岁-49岁之间。”从这组数据可以看出，年纪越轻，越容易发生父母监护不到位的现象。德国社会学家腾尼斯曾言:“在城市生活中，亲属关系、邻里关系日渐衰微，人们很少有共同的价值和规范，他们关心的只是自己的私利。因此城市生活的特点就是唯我独尊，分崩离析，肆无忌惮的个人主义和自私自利。”腾尼斯的这段话在20岁出头的父母身上可能表现得更为明显。对于20岁出头的父母来说，很多人刚走出“避风港”，在心中的美好生活还未到来时，却被突然告知要养育下一代的“残酷事实”，难免在养育方面出现不耐心，甚至暴力倾向。同时，据日本劳动省统计，在不到20岁的已婚人口里，有80%以上都是奉子成婚。“一夜”之间做父母的年轻人，心里没有准备，只要生活、工作不顺利，很容易就把气撒在孩子身上。此外，在很多受传统家庭观念及父权思想影响的国家中，父母将子女看作是自己的私有财产，可以任意处分。甚至，推行“棍棒下出孝子”,“不打不成材”的腐朽观念，尤其在未接受过良好教育的年轻父母心中表现尤为明显。 At present, many professionals and authorities analyze: “Confronted with pressures from work, life and society, parents cannot educate their children in a careful and patient way.” A psychological counselor Zhang Hongyun thinks that economic pressure could be an important reason for inadequate use of guardianship. “Over 90% of people get their jobs in enterprises in Shenzhen. Fast-paced life and great mental stress are easy to cause extreme thoughts and actions,” said Yue Zheng, Dean of Academy of Social Sciences in Shenzhen. Related officials in Korea’s Central Specialized Agency for Child Protection also think that child abuse is easier to happen in low-income families. In 2011 alone, one quarter of child abuses happened in families living on minimum government subsidies. Meanwhile according to Korean Central Daily News, if there are economic difficulties, parents tend to indulge their children, which lead to deficiency of custody. Shen Jie, sociology professor of Japan Women's University said, “The most important reason for the rise of child abuse lies in the stresses brought to the families from long-term economic depression, the accumulation of which makes parents be in a mental state of sudden angry and violence.” It seems that in order to create a bright future for children, it is very important to improve the living conditions of these people.
According to data, since 1970s, America, Britain, Germany and other countries have gradually turned to the principle of “maximization of children’s interests” when dealing with problems related to minor guardianship, but they still cannot put an end to such kind of tragedies. The reason involves poor legal supervision and management and incomplete relief policy. Like China, many countries have some legal provisions related to minors’ custody, but they are far from enough to meet the need for safeguarding their lawful rights and interests. The lack of specific provisions on responsibility investigation leads to ineffective implementation of guardianship system.
目前，还有不少行业人士和权力机构就此分析称,“面对工作、生活和社会各方面的压力，为人父母者并不能细心、耐心的去教育他们的孩子。”中国心理咨询师张红云认为经济压力可能是父母监护权使用不到位的一个重要原因。“深圳90％以上的人在企业工作，社会节奏快，心理压力非常大，容易造成精神的极端，采取极端行为。”中国深圳市社会科学院院长乐正分析。另韩国中央儿童保护专门机构相关负责人也认为，低收入家庭更容易发生虐童案件，仅2011年间，韩国就有四分之一的虐童现象发生在领取基本保障金的家庭中。据韩国《中央日报》报道说，如果家庭经济出现困难，家长放任孩子的次数就会增多，很容易导致父母监护不到位现象。同时，日本女子大学社会学教授沈洁认为,“对于日本家庭虐待孩子案件的增加，最重要的原因还是经济长期不景气给家庭带来的种种压力，这种压力的累积导致父母亲的精神处于易暴易怒的状态。”看来，要为未成年孩童撑起一片蓝天，改善这群人的生活条件显得尤为重要。
据相关资料显示，自20世纪70年代以来，美国、英国、德国等国家在处理未成年子女监护问题时渐渐转向“儿童利益最大化”原则，但仍然无法彻底杜绝悲剧的发生。究其原因，有法律监管不利，也有救济政策不够完善的因素。还有很多像中国一样的国家，虽有一些法律条文中都涉及到了未成年人监护问题，可这还远不能满足保障未成年人合法权益的需要。由于缺少对责任追究环节的具体规定，监护制度并未得到有效的贯彻执行。 Barriers to depriving irresponsible parents’ guardianship
剥夺不负责任父母监护权的障碍
It is an important move in most countries to protect legitimate rights and interests of minors through stripping the guardianship of parents who do not perform their duties. According to China Phoenix Net, “Currently, the custody revocation system is generally established around the world. When guardianship is abused or there are something going against children’s growth, judicial process can be started to change custody or strip the original one and other guardians can be appointed by the court.”
“For guardians who refuse to fulfill responsibilities and severely hurt the minors, the essence of administrative intervention is to deprive the guardianship through judicial proceeding. It is not to deprive parental right, but to play a deterrent for similar behaviors by setting up a legal bottom line for the minors,” said Zhang Shifeng, Director of Social Affairs Department of Ministry of Civil Affairs. For most of the countries with related laws, the fundamental purpose of stripping guardianship is to protect children, and it only aims at those parents who abuse custody. “Stripping guardianship has to be done, which is the necessity for social development and civilization progress. It can guarantee the maximization of children’s interests and meets the basic requirements of State Law of protection Minors,” said Huang Ermei, Vice-President of Supreme People’s Court.
对于不能履行监护义务的父母，剥夺其监护权，这已成为世界上绝大多数国家保护未成年人合法权益的重要举措。据中国凤凰网报道:“目前，世界各国普遍建立了监护权撤销制度。当监护权被滥用或存在不利于未成年成长的行为时，能够启动司法程序要求变更监护权或剥夺原监护人的监护权，由法院另行指定监护人。”
“对拒不履行监护责任、严重伤害未成年人的监护人，行政干预的核心就是通过人民法院提起诉讼剥夺监护人的监护权。这样做不是为了剥夺亲权，而是通过为未成年人设置法律底线，对类似行为起到震慑作用。”中国民政部社会事务司司长张世峰说。在大部分制定法规的国家看来，剥夺失职父母监护权的根本目的是保护孩子，且只针对少数滥用监护权的父母。“剥夺某些失责监护人的监护权，既是不得已而为之，是社会发展和文明进步的必须，也是确保实现儿童利益的最大化，更符合国家未成年保护法所要达到的最基本‘底线’”，中国最高人民法院副院长黄尔梅指出。
However, finding other suitable guardians is not as easy as stripping guardianship. Even though there are successful experiences in America and other western countries. There are special legislation and institution in America dealing with child abuse. Warmer places are right there waiting for children when their parents lose their custody. But a lot of elements still hold back the move. For example, in China’s Civil Law and Law of protection Minors: Parents and other guardians who do not perform their duties or harm the legitimate rights and interests of minors, and do not change behavior after education, will be disqualified by the court according to the application of related ones or units, and other guardians will be appointed by the court. But in practice, there are barriers both in depriving guardianship and appointing other guardians. In addition, according to Korean Central Daily News, because of difficult living condition, a Korean boy was abused since one year old by his mother who suffered from postnatal depression. Neighbors reported the situation to Child Protection Agency, and the mother repented. But three years later, the same story happened again. The agency failed to intervene because of the parents’ strong objection.
We are not going to talk about whether it is good or bad to strip guardianship. Maybe we can learn something from the words of Friedrich Frobel, a German educator, “A nation’s fate is more like in the hand of mothers, than in that of power-holders, so we need to inspire mothers-human’s educators.”
然而，剥夺父母监护权容易，重新找合适的监护人并不是易事。虽然美国等西方国家有成功经验，据了解，美国专门有应对儿童虐待事件的立法和处理机构，父母被剥夺监护权之后，会有更温暖的地方等着孩子。但还是有很多原因会阻止剥夺父母监护权的行动。如中国《民法通则》及《未成年人保护法》规定：对于父母或其他监护人不履行监护职责或侵害未成年人合法权益，经教育不改的，人民法院可以根据有关人员或者有关单位的申请，撤销其监护人的资格，依法另行指定监护人。但实践中，无论是撤销监护人资格还是另行指定监护人都存在一定障碍。
另外，据韩国《中央日报》报道，韩国一男孩因母亲患有产后抑郁症，且生活困难，从一岁开始就受母亲的辱骂，邻居将其向儿童保护机构举报，母亲有了悔改，可三年后，该母亲再次被举报，但因父母的强烈反对，保护机构未能插手。
剥夺父母的监护权是利是弊，暂不谈论.“国民的命运，与其说是操在掌权者手中，倒不如说是握在母亲的手中，因此，我们必须努力启发母亲—类人的教育者。”德国教育家福禄培尔的这句话或许能给我们带来一些启发。
2014年，中国政府宣布拟出台未成年人监护干预制度，从法律层面保护未成年人权益不受侵害。而且法律还将规定，父母失责将取消监护权。一时间，各路媒体、专家纷纷探讨父母的监护权问题，也让未成年人监护权到底归谁所有，成为热议话题。究其原因，还得追溯到中国大地时常上演的各种虐童和父母失责的戏码。
China: endless child abuses
中国：层出不穷的虐童现象
On November 16th, 2012, five children’s dead bodies were found at street dumpsters in Qi Xingguan District, Bijie City, Guizhou Province. Post-investigation found that they had lived homeless life for a long time, which made the public seethe with indignation.
Also in 2012, a boy aged three and a half years named Lele, in Longgang District, Shenzhen, was wounded by his mother for not being obedient when having a meal, and he was then dead after many days of coma.
In May, 2013, a villager Yang Shihai in Goupi Village, Shichang Town, Jinsha County, Guizhou Province was found to have kept ruthlessly maltreating his ten-year-old biological daughter for five years in the way of cruelly beating, burning her head with boiled water, clamping her hand with pliers, pricking her finger with needles, making her kneel on saw tooth and others.
On June 21st, 2013, two little girls in Jiangning District, Nanjing, were found dead from hunger at home, and they were only one year old and three years old respectively…
2012年11月16日，中国贵州毕节市七星关区街头的垃圾箱内，惊现5名未成年人的尸体，事后调查发现5名孩童生前长期流浪在外，一时舆论哗然。
同样是在2012年，中国深圳龙岗区一名三岁半的男童乐乐因为吃饭时不听话，被母亲打伤，昏迷多日后不治身亡。
2013年5月，贵州省金沙县石场乡构皮村村民杨世海在长达5年的时间里，用毒打、开水烫头、钳子夹手、针扎手指、跪锯齿等方式对10岁的亲生女儿进行残忍虐待。
2013年6月21日，南京市江宁区两名幼女被发现饿死家中，两名女童分别只有1岁和3岁……
Endless “child abuse” cases not only make the world shock, but also expose China’s deficiency in minors’ custody and supervision. It makes people think when a healthy and sunny growing environment for juveniles can really come?
层出不穷的“虐童”案例，让世人触目惊心之余，更暴露了中国在未成年人监护监督方面存在的缺失。这也让世人开始思考，未成年人需要的健康、阳光的成长环境什么时候才能真正到来？
In European and American countries, negligent parents deserve severe punishment
欧美国家：父母失职，惩罚严厉
However, from world reports, this kind of phenomenon does not only exist in China. There are cases of parents’ lack of responsibility in Japan, America, Holland and other countries. According to Child Abuse, an annual investigation report issued by American Government Bureau for Children in 2011, “there were 1537 children dead of maltreatment or overlook in 51 states in America in 2010.” At the same time, Chinese People's Network reported that, “according to statistics, there are about 95 thousand of child abuse complaints in France every year and 20% of them turn out to be true. Over 90% are committed by immediate family members with physical and mental abuses as the main part. Slightly different from China, most European and American countries have enacted strict punishment mechanism to deal with parents’ negligence of guardianship.
然而，纵观世界各国报道，父母失责现象绝非中国仅有。日本、美国、荷兰等国家也有不少父母监护权不到位、责任缺失的案例。据美国政府儿童局2011年发布的《儿童虐待》年度调查报告显示:“2010年，美国五十一个州共有1537名儿童因受到虐待或忽视而死。”同时，据中国人民网报道,“据统计，每年法国约有9.5万虐童投诉，调查后发现，其中约20%属实。这些案件90%以上是自己家庭直系亲属所为，并以体罚与心理虐待为主。”
与中国略微不同的是，目前绝大多数欧美国家制定了严格的惩罚机制，以应对父母监护不到位的问题。
In September, 2003, a 25-year-old American mother Turgut hit her four-year-old daughter on impulse, and was stripped of her custody by the American government and sentenced to three years in prison. Also in America, on April 22nd, 2012, an American mother allowed her child to swim alone, since juveniles cannot guarantee their safety when swimming alone; the mother was arrested.
In 2009, an underage Dutch girl Laura Dike decided to sail around the world alone with the support of her parents. The Holland Social Welfare Institute thought that the parents’ agreement lacked of responsibility. For that, Laura was banned to go on the tour and her parents were stripped of custody for two months.
According to the news, in March, 2010, a woman in Osaka, Japan locked her three-year-old daughter and one-year-old son at home. Since she had not left enough food, two kids starved to death when she came back at the end of June. The Japanese court sentenced her to 30 years in prison.
Besides, according to a Hong Kong report, a 33-year-old British widow neglected her children because of addiction to games, and she was sentenced to prison on the charge of child abuse. According to a local TV station in New Zealand, “a father who had just immigrated there was sentenced to six months in prison because he slapped his own child on the street.”
2003年9月，25岁的美国妈妈图古特因冲动出手打了自己4岁的女儿，随后被美国政府剥夺了她的抚养权，并处以3年的监禁。同样在美国，2012年4月22日，美国一位母亲应允自己的孩子独自游泳，因孩童属于未成年人，独自游泳不能保证其安全性，最终这位母亲被逮捕。
2009年，荷兰未成年少女劳拉·戴克在父母支持下，决定独自驾船环游世界。荷兰社会福利院认为，她父母的赞同是不负责任的行为。因此，不仅禁止劳拉出游，还临时剥夺了劳拉父母两个月的监护权。
根据媒体消息, 2010年3月，日本大阪女子将3岁的女儿和1岁的儿子锁在屋内，因为没给孩子预留足够的食物，等到她6月底再返回住所时，两个孩子已经饿死。最终，日本法院判处她30年监禁。
此外，据香港媒体报道，33岁的英国寡妇沉迷游戏，疏于照顾未成年子女，最终，这名妇女被判虐待儿童罪而入狱。另据新西兰当地电视台报道，一位刚移民到此的父亲，在街上打了自家孩子一耳光，最后这位父亲被法庭判罚6个月的监禁。
All these “chilling” cases not only raise global concern, but also draw the attention of many legal experts and human rights defenders. Problems come one after another. Did the cases happen by accident or inevitably? Were there any deep-seated reasons behind them? How to protect minors’ legal rights and interests and put an end to such kind of tragedies? 这一桩桩“心寒”案例的出现，不仅引起了全球的关注，也得到了不少法律专家、人权主义者的重视。纵观这些案例，究竟是事出偶然还是必然？父母失责背后有何深层次原因？如何真切保护未成年人的合法权益，杜绝诸如此类的悲剧重演?
Did it happen for a reason?
事出有因？
Investigation once found that unintentional injury is the “chief culprit” of the death of children under the age of fourteen. There are more than 1 million children under this age died from unintentional injuries every year and the number is on the rise, which directly exposes parents’ negligence of custody in daily life.
According to an American report in 2010: 36.3% of abusers are at the age from 20 to 29, 31.8% from 30 to 39, and 14.1% from 40 to 49.” What can be seen from the statistics is that the younger the parents are, the less guardianship they may provide. Toennies, a German sociologist once said: “In city life, the relationship among relatives and neighbors are declining day by day. People lack common value and standard that the things they care about are their own interests. Therefore, city life is of egoistic values, people’s relationships falling apart and becoming unscrupulous and selfish.” The saying is more suitable for parents in their early 20s. Many of them just come out the “harbor”, and suddenly are told to face the “cruel reality” of raising the next generation when they themselves expect good life in the future, so they are booked for impatience or even propensity for violence. At the same time, according to Japan Labor Ministry, over 80% of married people under the age of 20 have shotgun marriages. Becoming parents “overnight”, these young people are not ready for this, and are easy to take out of their anger on children as long as life or work does not go well. Besides, parents in countries of traditional family concepts and patriarchal families treat children as their private possession, which can be disposed at will. Some decayed ideas like “A dutiful son comes from beating,” and “Spare the rod, spoil the child” are even popular nowadays, especially among young parents who have not received good education.
曾有调查显示，意外伤害是14岁以下儿童死亡的“罪魁祸首”。全世界每年有超过100万的14岁以下儿童死于意外伤害，且这一数据有增长趋势。这一调查也直接暴露了全球家长在日常监护过程中存在的种种不足。
据美国2010年的一份报告显示：“36.3%的虐待人年龄在20岁-29岁之间，31.8%的虐待人在30岁-39岁之间，14.1%在40岁-49岁之间。”从这组数据可以看出，年纪越轻，越容易发生父母监护不到位的现象。德国社会学家腾尼斯曾言:“在城市生活中，亲属关系、邻里关系日渐衰微，人们很少有共同的价值和规范，他们关心的只是自己的私利。因此城市生活的特点就是唯我独尊，分崩离析，肆无忌惮的个人主义和自私自利。”腾尼斯的这段话在20岁出头的父母身上可能表现得更为明显。对于20岁出头的父母来说，很多人刚走出“避风港”，在心中的美好生活还未到来时，却被突然告知要养育下一代的“残酷事实”，难免在养育方面出现不耐心，甚至暴力倾向。同时，据日本劳动省统计，在不到20岁的已婚人口里，有80%以上都是奉子成婚。“一夜”之间做父母的年轻人，心里没有准备，只要生活、工作不顺利，很容易就把气撒在孩子身上。此外，在很多受传统家庭观念及父权思想影响的国家中，父母将子女看作是自己的私有财产，可以任意处分。甚至，推行“棍棒下出孝子”,“不打不成材”的腐朽观念，尤其在未接受过良好教育的年轻父母心中表现尤为明显。 At present, many professionals and authorities analyze: “Confronted with pressures from work, life and society, parents cannot educate their children in a careful and patient way.” A psychological counselor Zhang Hongyun thinks that economic pressure could be an important reason for inadequate use of guardianship. “Over 90% of people get their jobs in enterprises in Shenzhen. Fast-paced life and great mental stress are easy to cause extreme thoughts and actions,” said Yue Zheng, Dean of Academy of Social Sciences in Shenzhen. Related officials in Korea’s Central Specialized Agency for Child Protection also think that child abuse is easier to happen in low-income families. In 2011 alone, one quarter of child abuses happened in families living on minimum government subsidies. Meanwhile according to Korean Central Daily News, if there are economic difficulties, parents tend to indulge their children, which lead to deficiency of custody. Shen Jie, sociology professor of Japan Women's University said, “The most important reason for the rise of child abuse lies in the stresses brought to the families from long-term economic depression, the accumulation of which makes parents be in a mental state of sudden angry and violence.” It seems that in order to create a bright future for children, it is very important to improve the living conditions of these people.
According to data, since 1970s, America, Britain, Germany and other countries have gradually turned to the principle of “maximization of children’s interests” when dealing with problems related to minor guardianship, but they still cannot put an end to such kind of tragedies. The reason involves poor legal supervision and management and incomplete relief policy. Like China, many countries have some legal provisions related to minors’ custody, but they are far from enough to meet the need for safeguarding their lawful rights and interests. The lack of specific provisions on responsibility investigation leads to ineffective implementation of guardianship system.
目前，还有不少行业人士和权力机构就此分析称,“面对工作、生活和社会各方面的压力，为人父母者并不能细心、耐心的去教育他们的孩子。”中国心理咨询师张红云认为经济压力可能是父母监护权使用不到位的一个重要原因。“深圳90％以上的人在企业工作，社会节奏快，心理压力非常大，容易造成精神的极端，采取极端行为。”中国深圳市社会科学院院长乐正分析。另韩国中央儿童保护专门机构相关负责人也认为，低收入家庭更容易发生虐童案件，仅2011年间，韩国就有四分之一的虐童现象发生在领取基本保障金的家庭中。据韩国《中央日报》报道说，如果家庭经济出现困难，家长放任孩子的次数就会增多，很容易导致父母监护不到位现象。同时，日本女子大学社会学教授沈洁认为,“对于日本家庭虐待孩子案件的增加，最重要的原因还是经济长期不景气给家庭带来的种种压力，这种压力的累积导致父母亲的精神处于易暴易怒的状态。”看来，要为未成年孩童撑起一片蓝天，改善这群人的生活条件显得尤为重要。
据相关资料显示，自20世纪70年代以来，美国、英国、德国等国家在处理未成年子女监护问题时渐渐转向“儿童利益最大化”原则，但仍然无法彻底杜绝悲剧的发生。究其原因，有法律监管不利，也有救济政策不够完善的因素。还有很多像中国一样的国家，虽有一些法律条文中都涉及到了未成年人监护问题，可这还远不能满足保障未成年人合法权益的需要。由于缺少对责任追究环节的具体规定，监护制度并未得到有效的贯彻执行。 Barriers to depriving irresponsible parents’ guardianship
剥夺不负责任父母监护权的障碍
It is an important move in most countries to protect legitimate rights and interests of minors through stripping the guardianship of parents who do not perform their duties. According to China Phoenix Net, “Currently, the custody revocation system is generally established around the world. When guardianship is abused or there are something going against children’s growth, judicial process can be started to change custody or strip the original one and other guardians can be appointed by the court.”
“For guardians who refuse to fulfill responsibilities and severely hurt the minors, the essence of administrative intervention is to deprive the guardianship through judicial proceeding. It is not to deprive parental right, but to play a deterrent for similar behaviors by setting up a legal bottom line for the minors,” said Zhang Shifeng, Director of Social Affairs Department of Ministry of Civil Affairs. For most of the countries with related laws, the fundamental purpose of stripping guardianship is to protect children, and it only aims at those parents who abuse custody. “Stripping guardianship has to be done, which is the necessity for social development and civilization progress. It can guarantee the maximization of children’s interests and meets the basic requirements of State Law of protection Minors,” said Huang Ermei, Vice-President of Supreme People’s Court.
对于不能履行监护义务的父母，剥夺其监护权，这已成为世界上绝大多数国家保护未成年人合法权益的重要举措。据中国凤凰网报道:“目前，世界各国普遍建立了监护权撤销制度。当监护权被滥用或存在不利于未成年成长的行为时，能够启动司法程序要求变更监护权或剥夺原监护人的监护权，由法院另行指定监护人。”
“对拒不履行监护责任、严重伤害未成年人的监护人，行政干预的核心就是通过人民法院提起诉讼剥夺监护人的监护权。这样做不是为了剥夺亲权，而是通过为未成年人设置法律底线，对类似行为起到震慑作用。”中国民政部社会事务司司长张世峰说。在大部分制定法规的国家看来，剥夺失职父母监护权的根本目的是保护孩子，且只针对少数滥用监护权的父母。“剥夺某些失责监护人的监护权，既是不得已而为之，是社会发展和文明进步的必须，也是确保实现儿童利益的最大化，更符合国家未成年保护法所要达到的最基本‘底线’”，中国最高人民法院副院长黄尔梅指出。
However, finding other suitable guardians is not as easy as stripping guardianship. Even though there are successful experiences in America and other western countries. There are special legislation and institution in America dealing with child abuse. Warmer places are right there waiting for children when their parents lose their custody. But a lot of elements still hold back the move. For example, in China’s Civil Law and Law of protection Minors: Parents and other guardians who do not perform their duties or harm the legitimate rights and interests of minors, and do not change behavior after education, will be disqualified by the court according to the application of related ones or units, and other guardians will be appointed by the court. But in practice, there are barriers both in depriving guardianship and appointing other guardians. In addition, according to Korean Central Daily News, because of difficult living condition, a Korean boy was abused since one year old by his mother who suffered from postnatal depression. Neighbors reported the situation to Child Protection Agency, and the mother repented. But three years later, the same story happened again. The agency failed to intervene because of the parents’ strong objection.
We are not going to talk about whether it is good or bad to strip guardianship. Maybe we can learn something from the words of Friedrich Frobel, a German educator, “A nation’s fate is more like in the hand of mothers, than in that of power-holders, so we need to inspire mothers-human’s educators.”
然而，剥夺父母监护权容易，重新找合适的监护人并不是易事。虽然美国等西方国家有成功经验，据了解，美国专门有应对儿童虐待事件的立法和处理机构，父母被剥夺监护权之后，会有更温暖的地方等着孩子。但还是有很多原因会阻止剥夺父母监护权的行动。如中国《民法通则》及《未成年人保护法》规定：对于父母或其他监护人不履行监护职责或侵害未成年人合法权益，经教育不改的，人民法院可以根据有关人员或者有关单位的申请，撤销其监护人的资格，依法另行指定监护人。但实践中，无论是撤销监护人资格还是另行指定监护人都存在一定障碍。
另外，据韩国《中央日报》报道，韩国一男孩因母亲患有产后抑郁症，且生活困难，从一岁开始就受母亲的辱骂，邻居将其向儿童保护机构举报，母亲有了悔改，可三年后，该母亲再次被举报，但因父母的强烈反对，保护机构未能插手。
剥夺父母的监护权是利是弊，暂不谈论.“国民的命运，与其说是操在掌权者手中，倒不如说是握在母亲的手中，因此，我们必须努力启发母亲—类人的教育者。”德国教育家福禄培尔的这句话或许能给我们带来一些启发。