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英语中的部分副词可以充当句子中的主语或介词宾语，从而在句法上具备了名词的某种用法。这种“副词名用”的结构有别于主语和宾语通常由名词担任的传统认知，本文对该类常见副词作了梳理和分类。
[副词用作主语]
在某些有限的语境中，一些在句子中通常起状语作用的副词可充当主语，相当于一个名词，有的甚至已经兼具名词词性，表示时间、地点或方式。
Now is the time/moment to tell them the truth. 现在是告诉他们真相的时候了。
Today will be fine. （= It/The weather will be fine today.） 今天天气将会不错。
Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient. 明天是最合适的时间。
Here was where the accident took place. 正是在这里发生的那次事故。
Home is where your family and friends are. 家是亲属与友人之所在。
Together is how mountains are moved. Together is how small people make a big difference. 团结一致可移山。团结能使小人物有大不同。
Carefully/Slowly/Gently/Easy does it. 小心就行/慢慢来/慢点吧/悠着点。（注意：该结构句首的作主语的方式副词不能用介词短语替换，谓语部分的does it的形式也不可改变。比如：不可说With care does it或Carefully did it。）
起主语作用的副词看作单数，并且根据句子所要表达的含义，某些作主语的副词可以拓展为一个名词短语或非限定动词结构，如：
Out on the lake will be splendid. （=A trip out on the lake will be splendid.） 到湖上去一定棒极了。
Slowly is exactly how he speaks. （=Speaking slowly is exactly how he speaks.） 慢条斯理（地讲话）恰恰是他讲话的方式。
[副词用作介词宾语]
“副词名用”的典型情况是副词用作介词的宾语。英语中有相当一部分表示时间和地点的副词可以用作特定介词的宾语，再由二者构成的介词短语充当句子中的状语或表语成分。
1. 时间副词用作介词宾语
Sonia should be home by/before now. Do you think she’s had an accident？ 索尼亚这个时候应该到家了，你说她会不会出什么事了？
That’s enough talk for now. Take a break and we’ll try again after lunch. 暂时说到这里。休息一下，我们午饭后再继续。
I hope we will have finished by/before then. 我希望到那时/还不到那时我们就已经做完了。
She had a sort of breakdown some years ago， and since then she has been very shy. 几年前她精神崩溃，从此一直很怕见人。
Three days from now/today Hinton will be executed. 三天后欣顿将被处死。
Where so many people fail is in their inability to look beyond yesterday and today. 那么多人之所以失败，是因为他们的眼光只局限于昨天和今天。
He didn’t receive the recognition he deserved until late in life. 他直到晚年才获得他应得的荣誉。
有时，时间副词前面会有一个状语，再由二者作为一个整体充当介词宾语。如：
My parents met during the war but didn’t marry till five years afterwards. 我父母在战争期间相识，但他们5年之后才结婚。
He was until quite/very recently the most powerful banker in the city. 直到最近他一直是这座城市里最有势力的银行家。
时间副词用作介词宾语的常见结构还有：from long ago很久之前，（up） till now/until now/up to now 到目前为止，until/till then直到那时，from now on/as of now从现在开始，from then on从那时开始，for long 长久地、长期地，at once立刻、同时。
例1 If you Jerry Brown until recently， you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact
C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
解析 D。考查混合时态的虚拟语气，条件句与过去事实相反，故用过去完成时态，而A、B、C项皆为表示与将来相反时if条件句中的谓语形式。其中，until recently属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“直到近来”。 例2 —Hi， Jack！ When did you arrive in Berlin？
—Last weekend. I a different culture since then.
A. was experiencing
B. will be experiencing
C. have been experiencing
D. had been experiencing
解析 C。考查时态，根据句末的时间状语可知，此处表示的是一个从过去持续至现在的连续性动作，所以用现在完成进行时。其中，since then属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“自从那时”。
例3 He said in his letter that he was going to visit China and he had had the idea .
A. long before； before long
B. before long； long before
C. before long； soon
D. before long； before long
解析 B。两个空缺处均缺少状语。前一句是将来时，所以用“不久之后”，后一句是过去完成时，所以用“很久以前”。其中，before long属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“不久之后”。
2. 地点副词用作介词宾语
The house was near a park but there was a road in between. 房子在一处公园附近，但两者之间隔着一条马路。
From where shall we start and up to where shall we go？ 我们要从何处动身，到何处去？
You can have the meeting anywhere but/except downstairs/upstairs. 除了楼下/楼上，你们在哪儿开会都行。
I know there’s a mouse in/under there somewhere. 我知道在那里/在那下面的什么地方有只老鼠。
能接here/there作宾语的常见介词还有：along， down， near， （a）round， through和up等。另外，用作介词宾语的地点副词常与表示动作起点或来源的from搭配。如：
The new manager came from above. 新来的经理是从上级公司来的。
They are all students returning from abroad. 他们都是海归学子。
Most applications came from overseas. 申请大部分来自海外。
Working in collusion， one from within and the other from without， they created pandemonium. 他们里应外合，把时局搞得乌烟瘴气。
有时，地点副词前面会有一个状语，再由二者作为一个整体充当介词宾语。如：
They are all neighbors from round about. 他们都是周围的街坊邻里。
地点副词用作介词宾语的常见结构还有：from afar从远处，from downstairs/upstairs从楼下/楼上，from inside/outside从里面/外面，from below/beneath从下面，from indoors/outdoors从室内/室外。
例4 Our house is about a mile from the railway station and there are not many houses .
A. in between B. far apart
C. among them D. from each other
解析 A。空缺的位置缺少状语。句意：我们的房子离火车站大约一英里，而且在它们之间没有许多房子。其中，in between属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“在……之间”。
例5 I truly believe beauty comes from within.
A. that B. where C. what D. why
解析 A。宾语从句部分不缺少任何成分，因此用that。句意：我真的相信美丽源自内心。其中，from within属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“从内心、从里面”。
[副词用作主语]
在某些有限的语境中，一些在句子中通常起状语作用的副词可充当主语，相当于一个名词，有的甚至已经兼具名词词性，表示时间、地点或方式。
Now is the time/moment to tell them the truth. 现在是告诉他们真相的时候了。
Today will be fine. （= It/The weather will be fine today.） 今天天气将会不错。
Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient. 明天是最合适的时间。
Here was where the accident took place. 正是在这里发生的那次事故。
Home is where your family and friends are. 家是亲属与友人之所在。
Together is how mountains are moved. Together is how small people make a big difference. 团结一致可移山。团结能使小人物有大不同。
Carefully/Slowly/Gently/Easy does it. 小心就行/慢慢来/慢点吧/悠着点。（注意：该结构句首的作主语的方式副词不能用介词短语替换，谓语部分的does it的形式也不可改变。比如：不可说With care does it或Carefully did it。）
起主语作用的副词看作单数，并且根据句子所要表达的含义，某些作主语的副词可以拓展为一个名词短语或非限定动词结构，如：
Out on the lake will be splendid. （=A trip out on the lake will be splendid.） 到湖上去一定棒极了。
Slowly is exactly how he speaks. （=Speaking slowly is exactly how he speaks.） 慢条斯理（地讲话）恰恰是他讲话的方式。
[副词用作介词宾语]
“副词名用”的典型情况是副词用作介词的宾语。英语中有相当一部分表示时间和地点的副词可以用作特定介词的宾语，再由二者构成的介词短语充当句子中的状语或表语成分。
1. 时间副词用作介词宾语
Sonia should be home by/before now. Do you think she’s had an accident？ 索尼亚这个时候应该到家了，你说她会不会出什么事了？
That’s enough talk for now. Take a break and we’ll try again after lunch. 暂时说到这里。休息一下，我们午饭后再继续。
I hope we will have finished by/before then. 我希望到那时/还不到那时我们就已经做完了。
She had a sort of breakdown some years ago， and since then she has been very shy. 几年前她精神崩溃，从此一直很怕见人。
Three days from now/today Hinton will be executed. 三天后欣顿将被处死。
Where so many people fail is in their inability to look beyond yesterday and today. 那么多人之所以失败，是因为他们的眼光只局限于昨天和今天。
He didn’t receive the recognition he deserved until late in life. 他直到晚年才获得他应得的荣誉。
有时，时间副词前面会有一个状语，再由二者作为一个整体充当介词宾语。如：
My parents met during the war but didn’t marry till five years afterwards. 我父母在战争期间相识，但他们5年之后才结婚。
He was until quite/very recently the most powerful banker in the city. 直到最近他一直是这座城市里最有势力的银行家。
时间副词用作介词宾语的常见结构还有：from long ago很久之前，（up） till now/until now/up to now 到目前为止，until/till then直到那时，from now on/as of now从现在开始，from then on从那时开始，for long 长久地、长期地，at once立刻、同时。
例1 If you Jerry Brown until recently， you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact
C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
解析 D。考查混合时态的虚拟语气，条件句与过去事实相反，故用过去完成时态，而A、B、C项皆为表示与将来相反时if条件句中的谓语形式。其中，until recently属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“直到近来”。 例2 —Hi， Jack！ When did you arrive in Berlin？
—Last weekend. I a different culture since then.
A. was experiencing
B. will be experiencing
C. have been experiencing
D. had been experiencing
解析 C。考查时态，根据句末的时间状语可知，此处表示的是一个从过去持续至现在的连续性动作，所以用现在完成进行时。其中，since then属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“自从那时”。
例3 He said in his letter that he was going to visit China and he had had the idea .
A. long before； before long
B. before long； long before
C. before long； soon
D. before long； before long
解析 B。两个空缺处均缺少状语。前一句是将来时，所以用“不久之后”，后一句是过去完成时，所以用“很久以前”。其中，before long属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“不久之后”。
2. 地点副词用作介词宾语
The house was near a park but there was a road in between. 房子在一处公园附近，但两者之间隔着一条马路。
From where shall we start and up to where shall we go？ 我们要从何处动身，到何处去？
You can have the meeting anywhere but/except downstairs/upstairs. 除了楼下/楼上，你们在哪儿开会都行。
I know there’s a mouse in/under there somewhere. 我知道在那里/在那下面的什么地方有只老鼠。
能接here/there作宾语的常见介词还有：along， down， near， （a）round， through和up等。另外，用作介词宾语的地点副词常与表示动作起点或来源的from搭配。如：
The new manager came from above. 新来的经理是从上级公司来的。
They are all students returning from abroad. 他们都是海归学子。
Most applications came from overseas. 申请大部分来自海外。
Working in collusion， one from within and the other from without， they created pandemonium. 他们里应外合，把时局搞得乌烟瘴气。
有时，地点副词前面会有一个状语，再由二者作为一个整体充当介词宾语。如：
They are all neighbors from round about. 他们都是周围的街坊邻里。
地点副词用作介词宾语的常见结构还有：from afar从远处，from downstairs/upstairs从楼下/楼上，from inside/outside从里面/外面，from below/beneath从下面，from indoors/outdoors从室内/室外。
例4 Our house is about a mile from the railway station and there are not many houses .
A. in between B. far apart
C. among them D. from each other
解析 A。空缺的位置缺少状语。句意：我们的房子离火车站大约一英里，而且在它们之间没有许多房子。其中，in between属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“在……之间”。
例5 I truly believe beauty comes from within.
A. that B. where C. what D. why
解析 A。宾语从句部分不缺少任何成分，因此用that。句意：我真的相信美丽源自内心。其中，from within属于“介词+副词”构成的介词短语，表示“从内心、从里面”。