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康德是思想史上第一个为良心自由作出法学论证,并将之作为宪政基础的思想家。虽然康德一般被视为社会契约论者,但其理论基础并非社会契约或者作为社会契约基础的人民意志。康德的社会契约论以人的良心自由为基础,社会契约为手段,力图构造人的道德自我在国家的实现。对良心自由的追求不仅是康德道德哲学和法哲学的基本价值,康德还将之在权利体系中展开,使之具有充分的实证性,对现代宪法尤其德国基本法产生了不可估量的影响。在康德的权利秩序中虽然“人的尊严”是最高的价值准则,但这种价值准则是形式命令,要以良心自由为价值基础和界限。康德的良心自由理论经过德沃金的洛克式改造,也影响到美国的宪法实践,成为现代宪政的价值公约数。
Kant is the first thinker in the history of thought to make a legal argument for the freedom of conscience and to use it as a basis for constitutional government. Although Kant is generally regarded as a social contractarian, its theoretical basis is not the social contract or the will of the people that is the basis of a social contract. Kant’s social contract theory is based on the freedom of conscience and the social contract as a means to construct the moral self-realization of the nation in the country. The pursuit of freedom of conscience is not only the basic value of Kant’s moral philosophy and legal philosophy, but also Kant’s development in the right system to make it fully positivistic and has an immeasurable impact on the modern constitution, especially the German Basic Law. Although “human dignity” is the highest criterion of value in Kant’s right order, this principle of value is a formal order, which should be based on the freedom of conscience. Kant’s theory of freedom of conscience through the Dokkon Locke transformation, but also affect the constitutional practice in the United States, becoming the value of the current constitutional law, the number of divisions.