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森林小气候是森林植被与区域气候相互作用所形成的局地环境系统。森林小气候的研究,不仅是一项关于森林生态系统运行机理的理论研究工作,对农林业生产也具有现实的指导意义,在全球变化形势下其重要性又进一步凸显。辐射的收支、能量的平衡与分配是小气候特征形成的基础。对森林辐射收支和能量分配的研究,过去主要以单站点为主,系统的区域分析十分匮乏。该文采用亚洲东部17个森林站点的实测数据,分析了生态系统的辐射收支和能量平衡,探讨了区域尺度上辐射特征量的纬度变异性及其预测关系式,建立了亚洲东部森林带典型森林生态系统的辐射和能量收支模式。所选站点以水平地带性为主,为区域分析奠定了基础。研究发现,辐射特征量具有明显的纬度依赖性,辐射特征量和纬度二者的关系可以用于相应的预测。比如,太阳辐射随着纬度的变化关系为:y=6205–42.15x(p<0.01),即纬度每上升1°,太阳辐射年总量下降42 MJ,理论最大值为6 205 MJ。净辐射的纬度趋势更加显著(r=–0.89,p<0.000 1),其线性回归关系为:y=4340–45.60x。亚洲东部森林蒸散比(EF)与降水量(P)之间的定量关系为:EF=0.7098(1–exp(–0.0026P))。通过对比不同森林带的辐射和能量模式,发现亚热带森林在辐射收支上与温带森林相近,波文比既高于温带森林,也高于热带森林,表明更多的净辐射能用于显热交换。关于亚热带森林在小气候和物质代谢方面的特殊性,值得进一步分析研究。
Microclimate is the local environmental system formed by the interaction between forest vegetation and regional climate. Research on the microclimate of forest is not only a theoretical research work on the mechanism of forest ecosystem operation, but also a practical guide to the production of agriculture and forestry. Its significance is further highlighted in the context of global change. Radiation revenue and expenditure, energy balance and distribution of microclimate characteristics of the formation of the foundation. The research on the income and expenditure and energy distribution of forest radiation was dominated mainly by single site in the past, and the systematic regional analysis was very scarce. Based on the measured data of 17 forest sites in eastern Asia, the paper analyzes the radiation budget and energy balance of the ecosystem, discusses the latitudinal variability of the radiation characteristics at the regional scale and its predictive relationship, and establishes the typical forest belt in eastern Asia Forest Ecosystem Radiation and Energy Revenue and Expenditure Patterns. The selected sites are mainly horizontal and horizontal, laying a foundation for regional analysis. The study found that the radiation characteristics have obvious latitude dependence, and the relationship between the radiation characteristics and latitude can be used for the corresponding prediction. For example, the relationship between solar radiation and latitude changes as follows: y = 6205-42.15x (p <0.01), that is, the annual total solar radiation decreases 42 MJ for every 1 ° increase in latitude, and the theoretical maximum is 6 205 MJ. The trend of net radiation latitude is more significant (r = -0.89, p <0.000 1), the linear regression relationship is: y = 4340-45.60x. The quantitative relationship between forest evapotranspiration (EF) and precipitation (P) in eastern Asia is: EF = 0.7098 (1-exp (-0.0026P)). By comparing the radiation and energy patterns of different forest belts, it is found that the subtropical forest is similar to the temperate forest on the radiation budget. The wave ratio is higher than both temperate and tropical forests, indicating that more net radiant energy can be used for sensible heat exchange. The particularity of subtropical forests in the microclimate and material metabolism deserves further analysis.