孩子在从事某种有目的的行为过程中,由于年龄的限制,会比成年人遇到更多的困难和阻力。这些困难和阻力,一般会使孩子的行为出现两种不同的趋势:或者是处于“困难情境”,或者是由此陷入“挫折情境”之中。“困难情境”与“挫折情境”是有区别的。首先,从行为目标实现的可能性来看,陷入“挫折情境”,往往是达到确定目标的强烈动机与向目标前进道路上的阻碍和干扰结合到一起,使目标实现成为不可能。而在“困难情境”中,孩子只是遇到了暂时的阻碍和干扰,这种阻碍和干扰只要经过自己的进一步努力,多动动脑筋、多想点办法,是能够克服的。其次,从行为目标的定向性来看,处于“挫折情境”中的孩子有两个明显的特征:一是丧失了目标的 Children engaged in a purposeful behavior process, due to age restrictions, will encounter more difficulties and resistance than adults. These difficulties and resistance generally result in two different trends in a child’s behavior: either in a “difficult situation,” or in a “setback situation.” There are differences between “difficult situation” and “frustrated situation”. First of all, from the perspective of the possibility of achieving the goal, getting into a “setback situation” is often a combination of hurdles and distractions on the way to the goal and obstacle to the achievement of the goal. In the “difficult situation”, the child only encountered temporary obstacles and interference. This obstacle and interference can be overcome only through further efforts, more brains and more ways to think of ways. Second, from the perspective of the orientation of the behavioral goals, children in “setbacks” have two distinct characteristics: one is the loss of the goal