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在经济思想史上,关于财富生产、分配、交换和消费的科学最初被命名为“政治经济学”。在这里,形容词“政治的”的含义,既包括从民族国家和国家与国家之间的关系的角度来研究财富问题,也包括运用政治哲学的观点对各种不同的经济制度进行规范性分析。然而,到了新古典经济学那里,制度分析和规范分析不见了,政治经济学变成了研究人和物之间的配置关系问题,这导致了以“经济学”替代了政治经济学这一著名的术语。新古典经济学的这种做法遭到历史学派和制度学派的反对,并且引起了经济思想史上关于政治经济学是一门实证的、抽象的和演绎的科学还是一门伦理的、现实的和归纳的科学的大论战。内维尔·凯恩斯通过区分实证经济学和规范经济学调和了两派的观点,但这种分类仍然不令人满意,因为它没有把经济制度视为重要的变量抽象出来。本文回顾了经济思想史上关于政治经济学研究范围和方法的变化,提出的基本观点是:在确定把“经济学”作为在既定制度下分析人们经济行为的实证科学的基础上,恢复“政治经济学”这个古老的术语及其所具有的古典的含义,从而把政治经济学与经济学作为与人类经济福利有关的、但在研究任务、研究范围和研究方法上可以明确加以区分的两种不同的经济理论。
In the history of economic thought, the science of wealth production, distribution, exchange, and consumption was originally named “Political Economy.” Here, the adjective “political ” means both the study of wealth from the viewpoint of nation-state and the relationship between countries and countries, and the standardization of different economic systems from the perspective of political philosophy analysis. However, in neoclassical economics, institutional analysis and normative analysis disappeared and political economy became a matter of studying the relationship between people and things, which led to the replacement of political economy with “economics” A famous term. This practice of neoclassical economics has been opposed by historians and institutional schools and has given rise to an ethical, realistic and inductive science about the economics of politics as an empirical, abstract and deductive science in the history of economic thought Great debate in science. Neville Keynes reconcile the views of the two parties by distinguishing between empirical economics and normative economics, but the classification is still unsatisfactory because it does not abstract the economic system as an important variable. This paper reviews the changes in the scope and methods of political economy research in the history of economic thought and puts forward the following basic viewpoints: On the basis of determining “economics” as the empirical science for analyzing people’s economic behavior under the established system, The ancient terminology of “political economy” and its classical meanings make political economy and economics as being related to the economic welfare of human beings, but it can be clearly distinguished in research tasks, research scopes and research methods Two different economic theories.