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倒装是英语中经常出现的语法现象,高考涉及此类知识的题目往往会考查其中的特殊结构,因此同学们复习时要在理解的基础上熟记各种结构,并能在具体的语境中举一反三,灵活运用。
英语句子的基本结构是主语在前、谓语在后,但出于修辞上的需要经常要用到倒装——整个谓语都放在主语前面的称为全部倒装;只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词或系动词be)放在主语前的称为部分倒装。
一、 全部倒装
1. 副词there,here,up,down,now,then,in,out,away,over,on,off,soon,thus等位于句首且主语是名词时,谓语常用be动词或表示位移的动词,句子需全部倒装。但代词作主语时句子不能倒装。
例1There _______ . And here _______.
A. goes the phone; she comes
B. is the phone going; is she
C. does the phone go; does she come
D. the phone goes; come she
解析: 答案为A。句意为:“电话响了,她来了”。前句中there是方位副词,位于句首且主语phone为名词,句子要倒装;后一句主语是代词she,因此句子不倒装。
2. 当介词短语、形容词、分词等位于句首时,句子要全部倒装。
例2 Near the church ________ cottage.
A. was such an old
B. had a so old
C. was such old a
D. is so an old
解析: 答案为A。本句意为:“教堂旁边有这么一个古老的村子”。可以还原成:Such an old cottage was near the church。 near the church是介词短语,所以句子要倒装。
3. 在there be句型中,句子为全部倒装,将谓语置于动作的执行者之前。在此类句子中,be动词也可以用exist / seem / happen / appear / live / rise / stand等代替。
例3________ a beautiful palace ________ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at
B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under
D. There stands; at
解析: 答案为D。本句意为:“在山脚下有一座美丽的宫殿”。实际主语为a beautiful palace,所以谓语动词用第三人称的单数形式;“在山脚下”可翻译为:at the foot of the hill。
二、 部分倒装
1. 句首为表示否定意义的词或短语,如:no,not,never,seldom,little,few,hardly,neither,in no time,in no way,no sooner,by no means等时,句子应部分倒装,将主句的助动词、be动词或情态动词等置于主语之前。
例4Hardly the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at
B. had I arrived
C. had I reached
D. I had got to
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“我一到机场飞机就起飞了”。句中的hardly是否定词且置于句首,主句需部分倒装。
2. 当句首为“only 状语”的结构时,句子应该部分倒装。但如果only后是从句时,则主句倒装而从句不倒装;如果only后不是状语而是名词时,句子不需要倒装。
例5Only in this way ________make progress in your English.
A. you
B. can you
C. will you be able to
D. will you able to
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“只有用这种方法你才能在英语上取得进步”。句中的in this way是方式状语,跟在only后面,使得该句子要倒装。
3. 当句首为not until时,句子可部分倒装;但当not until后跟从句时,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。
例6Not until the early years of the 19th century ________ know what heat is.
A. man did B. man
C. didn’t man D. did man
解析: 答案为D。本句意为:“一直到19世纪人类才知道什么是热能”。not until 放在句首,因此句子要部分倒装,把助动词did放在主语man之前。
4. so, neither, nor表示“也、也不”且位于句首时,句子要部分倒装。
例7She is not fond of cooking, ________ I.
A. so am B. nor am
C. neither D. nor do
解析: 答案为B。本句意为:“她不喜欢烧菜,我也是”。用neither或nor表示否定且放在句首时,句子要部分倒装。
5. hardly...when, no sooner than, not only...but also...等短语在句子中引导两个分句时,前一个分句应部分倒装,后一个分句则不需要倒装。
例8 himself wrong, but his friends were wrong.
A. Not was only he
B. Not only he
C. Not only was he
D. Not only was
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“不仅他自己错了,他的朋友也错了”。前句部分倒装,后句不倒装。此外,not only...but also...句型在实际运用中也可以省略also。
6. 在虚拟语气的条件状语从句中,当从句谓语中含were, had, should等词时,可将其移到主语之前,将if省略。
例9 the present unemployment continue, the society would face a more troublesome situation.
A. Would B. Should
C. Might D. Could
解析: 答案为B。本句可还原为: If the present unemployment should continue, the society would face a more troublesome situation,应部分倒装,省去if,把should前移。
7. 当句首为“so 形容词/副词...that...”时,主句通常部分倒装,从句则不倒装。
例10So loudly ________ that ________ hear her clearly.
A. did she speak; could everyone
B. did she speak; everyone could
C. she spoke; could everyone
D. she spoke; everyone could
解析: 答案为B。本句意为:“她说得那么响以至于每个人都能听清楚”。句首为“so 形容词”的结构,主句需倒装,后面的从句不倒装。
8.在以often, well, many a time, now and again 等频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用到部分倒装。
例11Many a time ________ swimming alone.
A. the boy went
B. went the boy
C. did the boy go
D. did go the boy
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“这个男孩很多次一个人去游泳”。句中的many a time是频度副词且放在句首,句子应倒装。
9. 用as或though引导的让步状语从句中,常把形容词、副词或名词(不加冠词)放在句首,但主谓语序不变,这种情况也称为部分倒装。
例12________, he’s honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he
C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he
解析:答案为C。本句意为:“尽管他很穷,但他很诚实”。此句是表语倒装句。还可以换一种说法:Poor though he is, he is honest。
10. however 之类的转折副词位于句首时,句子需倒装,将表语置于句首,主谓语序不变。如:
例13______ hard the work may be, we must do it well.
A. However B. As
C. Because D. Since
解析: 答案为A。本句意为:“尽管这工作可能会很艰难,我们也必须把它做好”。
英语句子的基本结构是主语在前、谓语在后,但出于修辞上的需要经常要用到倒装——整个谓语都放在主语前面的称为全部倒装;只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词或系动词be)放在主语前的称为部分倒装。
一、 全部倒装
1. 副词there,here,up,down,now,then,in,out,away,over,on,off,soon,thus等位于句首且主语是名词时,谓语常用be动词或表示位移的动词,句子需全部倒装。但代词作主语时句子不能倒装。
例1There _______ . And here _______.
A. goes the phone; she comes
B. is the phone going; is she
C. does the phone go; does she come
D. the phone goes; come she
解析: 答案为A。句意为:“电话响了,她来了”。前句中there是方位副词,位于句首且主语phone为名词,句子要倒装;后一句主语是代词she,因此句子不倒装。
2. 当介词短语、形容词、分词等位于句首时,句子要全部倒装。
例2 Near the church ________ cottage.
A. was such an old
B. had a so old
C. was such old a
D. is so an old
解析: 答案为A。本句意为:“教堂旁边有这么一个古老的村子”。可以还原成:Such an old cottage was near the church。 near the church是介词短语,所以句子要倒装。
3. 在there be句型中,句子为全部倒装,将谓语置于动作的执行者之前。在此类句子中,be动词也可以用exist / seem / happen / appear / live / rise / stand等代替。
例3________ a beautiful palace ________ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at
B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under
D. There stands; at
解析: 答案为D。本句意为:“在山脚下有一座美丽的宫殿”。实际主语为a beautiful palace,所以谓语动词用第三人称的单数形式;“在山脚下”可翻译为:at the foot of the hill。
二、 部分倒装
1. 句首为表示否定意义的词或短语,如:no,not,never,seldom,little,few,hardly,neither,in no time,in no way,no sooner,by no means等时,句子应部分倒装,将主句的助动词、be动词或情态动词等置于主语之前。
例4Hardly the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at
B. had I arrived
C. had I reached
D. I had got to
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“我一到机场飞机就起飞了”。句中的hardly是否定词且置于句首,主句需部分倒装。
2. 当句首为“only 状语”的结构时,句子应该部分倒装。但如果only后是从句时,则主句倒装而从句不倒装;如果only后不是状语而是名词时,句子不需要倒装。
例5Only in this way ________make progress in your English.
A. you
B. can you
C. will you be able to
D. will you able to
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“只有用这种方法你才能在英语上取得进步”。句中的in this way是方式状语,跟在only后面,使得该句子要倒装。
3. 当句首为not until时,句子可部分倒装;但当not until后跟从句时,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。
例6Not until the early years of the 19th century ________ know what heat is.
A. man did B. man
C. didn’t man D. did man
解析: 答案为D。本句意为:“一直到19世纪人类才知道什么是热能”。not until 放在句首,因此句子要部分倒装,把助动词did放在主语man之前。
4. so, neither, nor表示“也、也不”且位于句首时,句子要部分倒装。
例7She is not fond of cooking, ________ I.
A. so am B. nor am
C. neither D. nor do
解析: 答案为B。本句意为:“她不喜欢烧菜,我也是”。用neither或nor表示否定且放在句首时,句子要部分倒装。
5. hardly...when, no sooner than, not only...but also...等短语在句子中引导两个分句时,前一个分句应部分倒装,后一个分句则不需要倒装。
例8 himself wrong, but his friends were wrong.
A. Not was only he
B. Not only he
C. Not only was he
D. Not only was
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“不仅他自己错了,他的朋友也错了”。前句部分倒装,后句不倒装。此外,not only...but also...句型在实际运用中也可以省略also。
6. 在虚拟语气的条件状语从句中,当从句谓语中含were, had, should等词时,可将其移到主语之前,将if省略。
例9 the present unemployment continue, the society would face a more troublesome situation.
A. Would B. Should
C. Might D. Could
解析: 答案为B。本句可还原为: If the present unemployment should continue, the society would face a more troublesome situation,应部分倒装,省去if,把should前移。
7. 当句首为“so 形容词/副词...that...”时,主句通常部分倒装,从句则不倒装。
例10So loudly ________ that ________ hear her clearly.
A. did she speak; could everyone
B. did she speak; everyone could
C. she spoke; could everyone
D. she spoke; everyone could
解析: 答案为B。本句意为:“她说得那么响以至于每个人都能听清楚”。句首为“so 形容词”的结构,主句需倒装,后面的从句不倒装。
8.在以often, well, many a time, now and again 等频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用到部分倒装。
例11Many a time ________ swimming alone.
A. the boy went
B. went the boy
C. did the boy go
D. did go the boy
解析: 答案为C。本句意为:“这个男孩很多次一个人去游泳”。句中的many a time是频度副词且放在句首,句子应倒装。
9. 用as或though引导的让步状语从句中,常把形容词、副词或名词(不加冠词)放在句首,但主谓语序不变,这种情况也称为部分倒装。
例12________, he’s honest.
A. As he is poor B. Poor is he
C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he
解析:答案为C。本句意为:“尽管他很穷,但他很诚实”。此句是表语倒装句。还可以换一种说法:Poor though he is, he is honest。
10. however 之类的转折副词位于句首时,句子需倒装,将表语置于句首,主谓语序不变。如:
例13______ hard the work may be, we must do it well.
A. However B. As
C. Because D. Since
解析: 答案为A。本句意为:“尽管这工作可能会很艰难,我们也必须把它做好”。