Excessive theta (θ) frequency oscillation and synchronization in the basal ganglia (BG) has been reported in elderly parkinsonian patients and animal models of levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID),particularly the θ oscillation recorded during periods when L-dopa is withdrawn (the off L-dopa state).To gain insight into processes underlying this activity,we explored the relationship between primary motor cortex (M l) oscillatory activity and BG output in LID.We recorded local field potentials in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and M1 of awake,inattentive resting rats before and after L-dopa priming in Sham control,Parkinson disease model,and LID model groups.We found that chronic L-dopa increased θ synchronization and information flow between the SNr and M1 in off L-dopa state LID rats,with a SNr-to-M1 flow directionality.Compared with the on state,θ oscillational activity (θ synchronization and information flow) during the off state were more closely associated with abnormal involuntary movements.Our findings indicate that θ oscillation in M1 may be consequent to abnormal synchronous discharges in the BG and support the notion that M1 θ oscillation may participate in the induction of dyskinesia.