初次分配注重效率,是市场经济的必然要求,不仅有利于价值规律有效发挥作用、资源有效配置,还有利于先进生产力的发展、人的价值的实现。但坚持效率优先,必须完善市场机制,创造公平的竞争环境,实现机会均等,否则就是在条件不平等的情况下,进一步扩大居民收入差距的不平等。因此,政府必须综合运用各种手段,进行干预并加强监管,努力创造公平、公正、合理的分配起点。1．致力推进教育机会均等化进程,增强社会成员特别是低收入群体潜在的就业和收入竞争力。西方著名思想家罗尔斯(JohnRawls)指出：追求社会公平的价值取向,是在不公平的社会现实中,为处境不利者提供机会或利益补偿。教育机会均等化意味着任何自然的、经济的、社会的或文化方面的低下状况,都应尽可能从教育制度本身得到补偿。从收入分配的角度来讲,就是要着力改善低收入群体的教育状况,增加他们的受教育机会,提高他们的人均人力资本存量,进而增强他们潜在的就业和收入竞争力。许多研究者都指出：人的受教育程度与其就业和收入呈正相关关系。首先,一个人享受了良好的教育,就能尽快融入现代社会,获得更多的就业和发展机会。其次,享受了良好教育的人比其他人来说,其获取、整理和利用信息的能力要强。在信息时代,在知识经济时代,信息就是生产力,知识就是财富,信息(知识)鸿沟的扩大,在某种意义上讲麓意味着收入差距的扩大。2003年教育部发布的中国首份《中国教育与人力资源问题报告》显示,无论是从入学机会还是从获得的教育资源看,近十年来中国教育机会不均问题十分严重,并有扩大趋势。一是义务教育财政资源分布严重不均等。1998年全国小学年生均预算内经费平均为378元。最高的是上海,为1957元；最低的是河南,为202元,相差竞达近10倍。同时,城乡之问的不均等加剧。全国初中年生均预算内经费,城镇为815元,农村只有486元,相差近两倍。二是地区之间高等教育机会分布严重不均。2001年,北京大学和清华大学在北京招生名额分别占其总数的13％和18％,而北京的高中毕业学龄人口只占全国的0．9％,也就是说,北京学生考北京大学、清华大学的机会是全国平均水平的十几倍。教育是一种准公共品,具有社会效益,国家要在全民教育上肩负起重要责任,逐步使每个人享有均等的受教育的权利和机会,逐步实现劳动者自身素质初始条件均等化。为此,一要明确各级政府在教育特别是在义务教育方面的事权,确保教育经费的筹集、负担分配、使用有章可循。二要进一步完善农村义务教育的管理体制和投入机制,着力抓好农村的义务教育,确保城乡义务教育阶段的机会均等。要继续实施国家西部地区“两基”攻坚计划,推进农村中小学危房改造和现代远程教育工程,加大对农村义务教育阶段家庭贫困中小学生实施“两免一补”(免费提供教科书、免收杂费、补助寄宿生生活费)政策的力度,并研究扩大到城镇贫困家庭。各级财政要不断增加教育投入,确保新增教育支出主要用于农村,重点向中西部地区倾斜,向贫困县倾斜,向贫困生倾斜。三要探索和完善适合中国国情的高等教育投入模式。高等教育产业化而带来的高学费从某种意义上可以说是间接削弱了不少家境贫寒学子受高等教育的机会。不可否认,高等教育的私人产品属性较强。但在当前高等教育学费超出许多家庭承受能力的情况下,国家和政府要从我国的实情出发,采取措施,确保能够考上大学但又难以全部承担高额学费的贫寒子弟享受高等教育。四要完善成人教育、在职教育、在职训练,对下岗职工进行免费培训,加强农村劳动力转移就业和农民技术培训。这不仅是建立学习型社会的需要,也是不断提高社会成员综合素质和获得收入竞争力的重要手段。五要建立和完善中国特色的教育资助制度。2．拓宽就业渠道,促进充分就业和再就业。就业是民生之本。就业机会增加意味着居民收入的增长。就业机会充分,意味着不仅将有助于增加即期消费,还将有利于改善和提高消费预期,进而扩大消费。消费扩大了,意味着就会促进生产和销售,创造更多的就业机会,让更多的人找到工作。这是一个良性循环。反之,将是一个恶性循环。从上述意义上讲,充分就业是缩小居民收入差距的重要措施。我国一定要把扩大就业和再就业作为战略任务抓紧抓实。为此,一是进一步提高认识,切实加强领导,始终把促进就业和再就业工作放．在经济社会发展的重要位置。要把降低失业率和创遣就业机会作为国民经济和社会发展战略的重要目标及政府经济工作的重要任务。在市场经济中,失业率、经济增长速度、通货膨胀率和国际收支平衡都是重要的宏观调控指标。其中,应把失业率排在首位,因为失业率是效率和公平的结合点,失业率过高必然导致收入差距拉大,从而影响提高效率的社会环境,效率也可能由此而大打折扣。二是大力发展多种所有制经济和劳动密集型产业,千方百计增加就业岗住。工业化模式对居民收入分配状况具有直接而重要的影响,工资收入比资本收入更有利于收入分配平等化,所以,发展劳动密集型工业,使工资收入所得份额上升,会改善居民收入分配状态,缩小居民收入差距。三是调整产业结构,大力发展第三产业。要采取措施改变固定资产投资与消费比例严重失衡的局面,调整我国的需求结构,提高居民对服务业的消费需求,着力发展第三产业,使第三产业吸纳更多的劳动力就业。四是认真落实党中央、国务院制定的各项就业和再就业扶持政策,综合运用财政政策、货币政策等多种宏观调控手段促进就业和再就业。五是强化就业和再就业服务,大力开展职业培训,为(下转封三) The initial distribution of efficiency is the inevitable requirement of the market economy. It is not only conducive to the effective functioning of the law of value, the effective allocation of resources, but also to the development of advanced productive forces and the realization of human values. However, if we insist on giving top priority to efficiency, we must perfect the market mechanism and create a fair competitive environment so as to achieve equal opportunities. Otherwise, we will inevitably further widen the inequality in the income gap between residents under conditions of inequality. Therefore, the government must comprehensively use various means to intervene and strengthen supervision so as to create a fair, just and reasonable distribution starting point. 1. It is committed to promoting the equalization of educational opportunities and enhancing the potential employment and income competitiveness of members of society, especially low-income groups. John Raws, a well-known Western thinker, points out that the pursuit of social equity is based on the unfair social reality of providing opportunities and compensation for disadvantaged people. Equal access to education means that any natural, economic, social or cultural underdevelopment should be compensated, as far as possible, from the education system itself. From the point of view of income distribution, efforts should be made to improve the education of low-income groups, increase their educational opportunities, raise their per capita human capital stock, and enhance their potential employment and income competitiveness. Many researchers have pointed out that people's educational level is positively related to their employment and income. First of all, when one enjoys a good education, one can integrate into the modern society as soon as possible and gain more employment and development opportunities. Second, those who enjoy a good education have better ability to acquire, organize and use information than others. In the information age, in the era of knowledge economy, information is productivity. Knowledge is the expansion of wealth and information (knowledge). In a sense, it means that the income gap is widening. In 2003, the first “Report on Education and Human Resources in China” released by the Ministry of Education in 2003 showed that the problem of uneven educational opportunities in China has been grave and has tended to expand in both the enrollment and education resources. First, the distribution of financial resources for compulsory education is seriously unequal. In 1998, the average funding of primary and secondary school students nationwide was 378 yuan. The highest is Shanghai, 1957 yuan; the lowest is Henan, 202 yuan, a difference of nearly 10 times the bidding. At the same time, the inequality between urban and rural areas intensified. The national junior high school students have an average budget of 815 yuan in urban and rural areas, with only 486 yuan in rural areas, a difference of nearly two times. Second, the distribution of higher education opportunities among regions is seriously uneven. In 2001, Peking University and Tsinghua University accounted for 13% and 18% respectively of the total enrollments in Beijing, while Beijing's high school graduated and post-graduate population accounted for only 0.9% of the country's total. That is to say, Peking University students Peking University and Tsinghua University University opportunities are more than ten times the national average. Education is a kind of quasi-public goods and has social benefits. The state should shoulder its important responsibility in education for all. Gradually, everyone should have equal rights and opportunities to receive education and gradually realize the equalization of the initial conditions of the workers themselves. For this purpose, we must clarify the power of governments at all levels in education, especially in compulsory education, and ensure that education funding is mobilized and the burden is allocated and used in accordance with the rules. Second, we must further improve the rural compulsory education management system and investment mechanism, and strive to do a good job in rural compulsory education to ensure equal opportunities in urban and rural areas of compulsory education. We should continue to carry out the “two basics” storming plan in the western part of China, push forward the reconstruction of dilapidated buildings in rural primary and secondary schools and the modern distance education project, and increase the implementation of “two exemptions and one subsidy” for poor families and poor pupils in rural compulsory education (free textbooks, Miscellaneous fees, subsidized boarders' living expenses) policies and expanded their study to poor urban families. All levels of finance should continuously increase investment in education so as to ensure that the newly increased expenditure on education is mainly used in rural areas, with a particular emphasis on the central and western regions, on the poor and on poor. Third, we must explore and improve the mode of higher education that suits China's national conditions. The high tuition fees brought by the industrialization of higher education in a certain sense can indirectly be said to have weakened the chances of higher education for many disadvantaged students at home. Admittedly, higher education has strong personal product attributes. However, given that tuition fees for higher education are beyond the affordability of many families, the state and government should proceed from the realities of our country and take measures to ensure that those poor children who can go to college but can hardly afford full tuition fees enjoy higher education. Fourth, we must improve adult education, on-the-job education, on-the-job training, provide free training for laid-off workers, and strengthen the transfer of rural laborers and employment of peasants and technical training. This is not only the need to establish a learning society, but also an important means to continuously improve the overall quality of members of society and to obtain income competitiveness. Fifth, we must establish and improve the educational assistance system with Chinese characteristics. 2. Broaden employment channels and promote full employment and reemployment. Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood. The increase of employment means the increase of resident's income. Adequate employment means that not only will it help to increase immediate consumption, but it will also help to improve and increase consumer expectations and thus increase consumption. Expansion of spending means more production and sales, more jobs and more jobs for people. This is a virtuous circle. On the contrary, it will be a vicious cycle. In the above sense, full employment is an important measure to narrow the income gap between residents. Our country must make efforts to expand employment and reemployment as a strategic task. To this end, the first is to further raise awareness, effectively strengthen leadership and always put efforts to promote employment and reemployment. In the economic and social development of the important position. We must take the reduction of unemployment rate and the creation of employment opportunities as important goals of the national economic and social development strategy and the important tasks of the government's economic work. In a market economy, the unemployment rate, the rate of economic growth, the inflation rate and the balance of payments are all important macro-control indicators. Among them, the unemployment rate should be given the highest priority because the unemployment rate is the combination of efficiency and fairness. If the unemployment rate is too high, the income gap will inevitably widen, thereby affecting the social environment for efficiency enhancement and the efficiency may be greatly reduced. Second, vigorously develop a variety of ownership economy and labor-intensive industries, do everything possible to increase employment opportunities. The pattern of industrialization has a direct and important impact on the income distribution of residents. Wage income is more conducive to the equalization of income distribution than capital income. Therefore, the development of labor secretsSet-type industry, so that the wage income share gains, will improve the income distribution of residents, narrowing the income gap. Third, adjust the industrial structure and vigorously develop the tertiary industry. We must take measures to change the situation of a serious imbalance between the proportion of fixed assets investment and consumption, adjust the structure of demand in our country and increase the consumption demand of residents in the service industry. We should strive to develop the tertiary industry so that the tertiary industry can absorb more employment in the labor force. Fourth, conscientiously implement all employment and re-employment support policies formulated by the Central Party Committee and the State Council and comprehensively use various macro-control measures such as fiscal policy and monetary policy to promote employment and reemployment. Fifth, strengthen employment and reemployment services, and vigorously carry out vocational training for (under the cover of the third)