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近年来,如何看待西方对华关系成为西方社会热议的话题。一些政客从自身立场出发纷纷抛出对华定位关键词,其中包含的政策信息引发不少关注。这些关键词包括:competitor(竞争者),如serious competitor(重要竞争者)、major competitor(主要竞争者)、strategic competitor(战略竞争者);rival(对手),如rivals like China and Russia(像中俄这样的对手)、systemic rival(系统性对手);opponent(对头);adversary(敌手),如major long-term adversary(主要的长期敌手);enemy(敌人)等。上述英文词词义相近,但内涵存在微妙差异,其中包含的对华认知“微表情”值得细品。
Competitor意为竞争者,指通过击败其他方或建立优势争取或赢得某些东西的个人或组织(a person or an organization that strives to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others)。Rival意为对手,指两方或多方争取达到或得到最终仅有一方能够获得的事物(one of two or more striving to reach or obtain something that only one can possess)。Opponent意为对头,指不赞同某一计划、想法或体系,并试图将其阻止或改变的人(someone who disagrees with a plan, idea or system and wants to try to stop or change it)。Adversary意为敌手,指对抗或竞逐的国家或个人(a country or person that you are fighting or competing against)。Enemy意为敌人,指对另一方怀敌意者,特别是寻求伤害、打倒或击败对手者(one that is antagonistic to another, especially one seeking to injure, overthrow, or confound an opponent)。
从对抗烈度上看,上述关键词从弱至强,如同一个从凝重到恼怒的面部“微表情”序列。competitor最弱,如同皱起眉头,双方虽为同一目标而争夺,但尚有合作空间;rival稍重,如同面含愠色,双方为同一目标争斗,但并非你死我活;opponent又重,如同咬牙切齿,双方对立性较强,以阻挠和破坏对方意图、从而击败对方为目标;adversary更重,如同怒目圆睁,零和色彩突出,有持续不断、对抗到底的意涵;enemy最重,如同剑拔弩张,双方摆开阵势,一触即发。此外,近来亦有学者提出用coopetition(競合)一词定位中国与西方的关系。该词是cooperation(合作)与competition(竞争)的结合体,意为既保持必要的互利合作,又管控好不可避免的良性竞争。当前形势下,这样相对舒缓的“微表情”,不失为较理性务实的选择。
语言有魔力,细处耐琢磨。“微表情”中的深意,你get到了吗?
Competitor意为竞争者,指通过击败其他方或建立优势争取或赢得某些东西的个人或组织(a person or an organization that strives to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others)。Rival意为对手,指两方或多方争取达到或得到最终仅有一方能够获得的事物(one of two or more striving to reach or obtain something that only one can possess)。Opponent意为对头,指不赞同某一计划、想法或体系,并试图将其阻止或改变的人(someone who disagrees with a plan, idea or system and wants to try to stop or change it)。Adversary意为敌手,指对抗或竞逐的国家或个人(a country or person that you are fighting or competing against)。Enemy意为敌人,指对另一方怀敌意者,特别是寻求伤害、打倒或击败对手者(one that is antagonistic to another, especially one seeking to injure, overthrow, or confound an opponent)。
从对抗烈度上看,上述关键词从弱至强,如同一个从凝重到恼怒的面部“微表情”序列。competitor最弱,如同皱起眉头,双方虽为同一目标而争夺,但尚有合作空间;rival稍重,如同面含愠色,双方为同一目标争斗,但并非你死我活;opponent又重,如同咬牙切齿,双方对立性较强,以阻挠和破坏对方意图、从而击败对方为目标;adversary更重,如同怒目圆睁,零和色彩突出,有持续不断、对抗到底的意涵;enemy最重,如同剑拔弩张,双方摆开阵势,一触即发。此外,近来亦有学者提出用coopetition(競合)一词定位中国与西方的关系。该词是cooperation(合作)与competition(竞争)的结合体,意为既保持必要的互利合作,又管控好不可避免的良性竞争。当前形势下,这样相对舒缓的“微表情”,不失为较理性务实的选择。
语言有魔力,细处耐琢磨。“微表情”中的深意,你get到了吗?