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本文从四个方面探讨宪政的价值基础:宗教、幽暗意识、自然法和契约论。宪政自始至终是一种“设防”的学说,宪政论根植于西方基督教的信仲体系及其表述世俗秩序意识的政治思想中。幽暗意识认为人不是“天使”,人类具有与生俱来的罪恶性和堕落性,因此,权力必须受到制约。作为人类理性的体现的“自然法”,并非实证意义上的法律,它指全人类所共同维护的一整套权利或正义,它高于一切“实在法”,是人们评价“实在法”的价值准则和参照系。契约论认为自主、平等与和谐的生活是合乎人性的自然的生活,人类建立社会制度和政治制度的目的,正是在于保障人类的这种和谐的生活关系。
This article discusses the value foundation of constitutional government from four aspects: religion, dark consciousness, natural law and contract theory. Constitutionalism is a doctrine of “fortification” from beginning to end. Constitutionalism theory is rooted in the Western Christian faith system and its political thought of expressing secular order consciousness. Dark consciousness that people are not “angels”, humans are inherently sinister and fallibility, therefore, power must be constrained. As a manifestation of human rationality, the “natural law” is not an empirical law. It refers to a set of rights or justice jointly maintained by all mankind. It is higher than all “real law” and is the value criterion for people to evaluate “real law” and " frame of reference. The contract theory holds that an autonomous, equal and harmonious life is a natural and humanistic life. The purpose of mankind’s establishment of social and political systems lies precisely in ensuring such harmonious life relationships of mankind.