Heavy ions and pulsed lasers are important means to simulate the ionization damage effects on semiconductor materials. The analytic solution of high-energy heav
Recent years have witnessed intense activity concerning the study of nuclei with equal numbers of neutrons and protons (N = Z). Exotic properties have been exhi
A subset S of V is called a k-connected dominating set if S is a dominating set and the induced subgraph has at most k components. The k-connected domination n