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本文从各种公共医疗保险，社会保险和国民健康保险的区别，医疗给付、全民保险制度的维持，诊疗报酬制度，医疗相关法律及专业等方面详细介绍了日本的医疗制度和日本引为自豪的医疗保险制度。以前日本实施的是自愿参保的国民医疗保险制度，但从1961年新的国民健康保险制度实施以来，所有的自愿参保都变成强制参保，奠定了为所有国民提供平等医疗服务的基础。“,” This paper gives a detailed introduction to the Japanese health care system and medical insurance system, from the section of how public medical insurance works, the differences between social insurance and national health insurance, how medical expenses are paid, how national health insurance is maintained, how medical payment system works, and the health legislation and education system, which the Japanese are particularly proud of. Japan used to implement a voluntary national health insurance system. However, since the new national health insurance system was implemented in 1961, all of the voluntary insurance has become compulsory, which laid the groundwork to pro-vide equal medical services to all citizens.