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由美国两位知名的课程与教学领域的专家格兰特·威金斯和杰伊·麦克泰合作写的Understanding by Design(《理解力培养与课程设计:一种教学和评价的新实践》)一书中提出教学设计的新思路——逆向设计。逆向设计分3个步骤:步骤1,确定预期的学习目标;步骤2,确定如何证明学生实现了理解的标准和措施;步骤3,安排各种教学活动,指导学生学习。其中第1步确定预期的学习目标就是要确定哪些内容最值得也是最需要理解的。他们把课程内容做如下分类:应当熟悉的课程内容;应当了解并能进行实际操作的课程内容;应当持久理解的课程内容(图1)~([1])。
Understanding by Design, a collaboration between two well-known American curriculum specialists and teaching specialists Grant Wiggins and Jay Mackay, book “Understanding and Curriculum Design: A New Practice in Teaching and Evaluation” Put forward a new idea of teaching design - reverse design. Reverse design is divided into three steps: Step 1, to determine the expected learning objectives; Step 2, to determine how to prove that students achieve understanding of the standards and measures; Step 3, arranging various teaching activities to guide students to learn. The first step to determine the expected learning goal is to determine what is the most worthwhile and most need to understand. They classify the content of the course as follows: what should be familiar with the course; what should be learned and what can be done; what should be understood (Figure 1) ~ ([1]).