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动词-ing形式是非谓语动词形式中的一种，本文将就动词-ing形式在句中作主语或宾语的情况进行讲解，以便同学们能够更好地理解和掌握。
一、作主语
1. I realized that trying another time was just a waste of time. 我意识到再试一次也只是浪费时间。
Scolding a child will do more harm than good. 责骂孩子对他们没有好处，只有坏处。
解析 从这组句子可以看出动词-ing形式作主语，表示比较抽象的一般行为，尤其是强调多次性、习惯性的动作。
2. It is useless taking this kind of medicine. 吃这种药没用。
It’s no good staying up late every day. 每天熬夜不好。
解析 从这组句子中我们不难看出，为了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
注意 下列句式中常用动词-ing短语作主语。
It is no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/nice/a waste of time + doing. 例如：
It’s senseless behaving like that. 那样的行为没有意义。
It’s a waste of money buying such things you don’t really need. 买这种你实际上并不需要的东西是浪费金钱。
3. Going to bed early and getting up early is considered to be a good habit. 早睡早起被认为是一种好习惯。
Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him. 花钱和过安逸的生活对他毫无意义。
解析 从这组句子中可以看出，同一概念的两个动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
4. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。
There is no denying that he is a brilliant scientist. 毋庸质疑，他是一位卓越的科学家。
解析 这组句子展示的是there be固定句型。
二、作宾语
1. I really appreciate your taking a great effort to help me out of the trouble. 我很感激你那么费劲地帮我走出困境。
It is difficult to imagine his accepting the decision without any consideration. 很难想象他毫不考虑的接受了这个决定。
解析 从这组例句可以看出，英语中有些动词后面一定要跟动词-ing形式作宾语。常见的有：admit，appreciate，avoid，complete/finish，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，fancy，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，resist，risk，suggest，stand，keep等。
注意 物主代词或名词所有格作宾语时也可以用代词宾格+动词-ing。如：
Tom’s turning up surprised everyone present. 汤姆的出现使在场的各位都很惊讶。
Would you mind my/me closing the window? 你介意我关掉窗户吗？
2. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had walking home in the snowstorm. 你很难想象我们经历了多少困难才顶着暴风雪走回家。
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time passing the exam. 病了将近一个月，他一定很艰难才通过考试。
解析 在这组例句中，都用了动词-ing形式作介词宾语。下面这些短语后要接动词-ing形式作介词宾语：dream of，feel like，give up，keep on，prefer ... to，succeed in，think of/about，can’t stand， set about， stick to/insist on, have difficulty in, put off, prevent sb from ...， be/get used to, look forward to, devote ... to, pay attention to等。
注意 在有些句子中，介词常可以省略。例如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我和老外交流没什么困难。
He often spends a lot of time (in) playing games. 他常常花大量的时间玩游戏。
3. This film is worth seeing again. 这部电影值得再看一次。
As a result of the serious flood, three-fourths of the buildings in the area need repairing. 由于受到严重水灾，这个地区四分之三的建筑需要修理。
解析 ①在be worth doing ... 句型中要用动词-ing的主动形式表被动；②当动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后用动词-ing的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，这时动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。如：
Your coat wants washing.= Your coat wants to be washed. 你的外套要洗了。
4. Sorry, we don’t allow smoking here. 对不起，我们这儿不允许抽烟。
I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier. 我很抱谦没有早点告诉你这个消息。
解析 ①在allow, advise, permit等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t permit taking cellphones to school.=We don’t permit anyone to take cellphones to school. 我们不允许带手机到学校。
The doctor advised your giving up smoking.= The doctor advised you to give up smoking. 医生建议你戒烟。
②动词-ing有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)两种时态。一般式的被动语态是being done，完成式的被动语态是having been done。动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。如：
Not knowing her address is a pity. 不知道她的地址是个遗憾。
I am sorry for not having come to your party. 很抱歉我没来参加你的派对。
练习
1. 听音乐可以使我们感到放松。
enables us to feel relaxed. (listen)
2. 这是一个多么快活的夜晚！他不禁跟着音乐跳起舞来！
What a pleasant night! He can’t help . (dance)
3. 没有必要和他争吵。
It is no use . (quarrel)
4. 我为我没有遵守约定而道歉。
I apologize for my promise. (keep)
5. 没有上大学并没什么可耻的。
is not a shame. (go)
6. 总统参加会议给了他们极大的鼓舞。
himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (attend)
参考答案
1. Listening to music
2. dancing to the music
3. quarreling with him
4. not having kept
5. Not going to college
6. The president’s attending the meeting
一、作主语
1. I realized that trying another time was just a waste of time. 我意识到再试一次也只是浪费时间。
Scolding a child will do more harm than good. 责骂孩子对他们没有好处，只有坏处。
解析 从这组句子可以看出动词-ing形式作主语，表示比较抽象的一般行为，尤其是强调多次性、习惯性的动作。
2. It is useless taking this kind of medicine. 吃这种药没用。
It’s no good staying up late every day. 每天熬夜不好。
解析 从这组句子中我们不难看出，为了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
注意 下列句式中常用动词-ing短语作主语。
It is no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/nice/a waste of time + doing. 例如：
It’s senseless behaving like that. 那样的行为没有意义。
It’s a waste of money buying such things you don’t really need. 买这种你实际上并不需要的东西是浪费金钱。
3. Going to bed early and getting up early is considered to be a good habit. 早睡早起被认为是一种好习惯。
Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him. 花钱和过安逸的生活对他毫无意义。
解析 从这组句子中可以看出，同一概念的两个动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
4. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。
There is no denying that he is a brilliant scientist. 毋庸质疑，他是一位卓越的科学家。
解析 这组句子展示的是there be固定句型。
二、作宾语
1. I really appreciate your taking a great effort to help me out of the trouble. 我很感激你那么费劲地帮我走出困境。
It is difficult to imagine his accepting the decision without any consideration. 很难想象他毫不考虑的接受了这个决定。
解析 从这组例句可以看出，英语中有些动词后面一定要跟动词-ing形式作宾语。常见的有：admit，appreciate，avoid，complete/finish，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，fancy，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，resist，risk，suggest，stand，keep等。
注意 物主代词或名词所有格作宾语时也可以用代词宾格+动词-ing。如：
Tom’s turning up surprised everyone present. 汤姆的出现使在场的各位都很惊讶。
Would you mind my/me closing the window? 你介意我关掉窗户吗？
2. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had walking home in the snowstorm. 你很难想象我们经历了多少困难才顶着暴风雪走回家。
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time passing the exam. 病了将近一个月，他一定很艰难才通过考试。
解析 在这组例句中，都用了动词-ing形式作介词宾语。下面这些短语后要接动词-ing形式作介词宾语：dream of，feel like，give up，keep on，prefer ... to，succeed in，think of/about，can’t stand， set about， stick to/insist on, have difficulty in, put off, prevent sb from ...， be/get used to, look forward to, devote ... to, pay attention to等。
注意 在有些句子中，介词常可以省略。例如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我和老外交流没什么困难。
He often spends a lot of time (in) playing games. 他常常花大量的时间玩游戏。
3. This film is worth seeing again. 这部电影值得再看一次。
As a result of the serious flood, three-fourths of the buildings in the area need repairing. 由于受到严重水灾，这个地区四分之三的建筑需要修理。
解析 ①在be worth doing ... 句型中要用动词-ing的主动形式表被动；②当动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后用动词-ing的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，这时动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。如：
Your coat wants washing.= Your coat wants to be washed. 你的外套要洗了。
4. Sorry, we don’t allow smoking here. 对不起，我们这儿不允许抽烟。
I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier. 我很抱谦没有早点告诉你这个消息。
解析 ①在allow, advise, permit等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t permit taking cellphones to school.=We don’t permit anyone to take cellphones to school. 我们不允许带手机到学校。
The doctor advised your giving up smoking.= The doctor advised you to give up smoking. 医生建议你戒烟。
②动词-ing有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)两种时态。一般式的被动语态是being done，完成式的被动语态是having been done。动词-ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。动词-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。如：
Not knowing her address is a pity. 不知道她的地址是个遗憾。
I am sorry for not having come to your party. 很抱歉我没来参加你的派对。
练习
1. 听音乐可以使我们感到放松。
enables us to feel relaxed. (listen)
2. 这是一个多么快活的夜晚！他不禁跟着音乐跳起舞来！
What a pleasant night! He can’t help . (dance)
3. 没有必要和他争吵。
It is no use . (quarrel)
4. 我为我没有遵守约定而道歉。
I apologize for my promise. (keep)
5. 没有上大学并没什么可耻的。
is not a shame. (go)
6. 总统参加会议给了他们极大的鼓舞。
himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (attend)
参考答案
1. Listening to music
2. dancing to the music
3. quarreling with him
4. not having kept
5. Not going to college
6. The president’s attending the meeting