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商业言论属于宪法言论自由的范畴,但其受保护程度弱于政治言论。食品标识是商业言论,进入《宪法》第35条言论自由基本权利的规范领域。为了保护消费者知情权,政府强制要求转基因食品生产者或经营者在食品标识中披露转基因信息。此种规制增进市场信息供给,亦限制了商业言论自由,须符合比例原则。我国现行转基因食品标识制度为食品生产者或经营者配置不合比例的义务,且未进行成本-收益分析。食品标识中转基因信息披露应全面覆盖转基因食品,并建立阈值管理制度,改进食品标识内容。
Commercial speech falls within the scope of constitutional freedom of speech, but its protection is weaker than political speech. Food labeling is commercial speech, entering the normative field of fundamental rights to freedom of expression in article 35 of the Constitution. In order to protect the consumer’s right to know, the government mandates GM producers or operators to disclose GM information in food labeling. Such regulation also enhances the supply of market information and also limits the freedom of commercial speech. It must comply with the principle of proportionality. The current GM food labeling system in our country allocates disproportionate obligations to food producers and operators without a cost-benefit analysis. Genetically modified food information disclosure should cover genetically modified foods, and establish a threshold management system to improve the content of food labeling.