Aim: P-glycoprotein is localized at the apical brush-border membrane of the proxi-mal renal tubule and functions as extruding toxins and xenobiotics out of cells.The difference of P-glycoprotein’s function resulted from single nucleotide poly-morphisms in MDR1 (multidrug resistance gene encoding for P-gp) and may be the cause of interindividual differences in susceptibility to end-stage renal dis-ease (ESRD). The purpose of this study is to compare the genotype frequency of C3435T and G1199A polymorphisms in MDR1 between ESRD patients and healthy controls in the Chinese population to determine whether the alteration of the P-gp function is associated with ESRD. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-four healthy Chinese controls and 244 Chinese patients with ESRD were involved in this study.Allele specific PCR and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay were used to determine the genotype MDR1 G1199A and C3435T, respectively. Results: The genotype distribution of 3435CC, 3435CT,and 3435Tr were 0.35, 0.50, and 0.15, respectively, in the control group and 0.38,0.47, and 0.15 in the group with the ESRD patients. No variant allele 1199G＞A was found in any of the patients. The value of serum creatinine for genotypes 3435CC,3435CT, and 3435Tr in the ESRD patients were 753.8±276.0 μmol/L, 849.6±342.2μmol/L, and 987.0±512.0 μmol/L, respectively. The difference between 3435TT and 3435CC reached statistical significance (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The low expression of P-glycoprotein was not the etiological factor for the kidney disease,but it may contribute to the progression of ESRD and affect the severity. Chinese people do not carry the 1199G＞A variant allele. More studies are needed to clarify the cause and interindividual differences in the susceptibility for the risk of ESRD.