It is estimated that in 2010,1 in every 250 adults will be a childhood cancer survivor.Today,oncological surgery,radiotherapy and chemotherapy achieve relatively high rates of remission and long-term survival,yet are often detri-mental to fertility.Quality of life is increasingly important to long-term survivors of cancer,and one of the majorquality-of-life issues is the ability to produce and raise normal children.Developments in the near future in theemerging field of fertility preservation in cancer survivors promise to be very exciting.This article reviews thepublished literature,discusses the effects of cancer treatment on fertility and presents the options available todaythanks to advances in assisted-reproduction technology for maintaining fertility in male and female patients undergo-ing this type of treatment.The various diagnostic methods of assessing the fertility potential and the efficacy of invitro fertilization(IVF)after cancer treatment are also presented.(Asian J Androl 2006 Sep;8:515-533 ) It is estimated that in 2010,1 in every 250 adults will be a childhood cancer survivor.Today, oncological surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy achieve more high rates of remission and long-term survival, yet are often detri-mental to fertility. Quality of life is increasingly important to long-term survivors of cancer, and one of the majorquality-of-life issues is the ability to produce and raise normal children. Development in the near future in the end product of fertility preservation in cancer survivors promise to be very exciting. This article reviews thepublished literature, discusses the effects of cancer treatment on fertility and presents the options available todaythanks to advances in assisted-reproduction technology for maintaining fertility in male and female patients undergo-ing this type of treatment. various diagnostic methods of assessing the fertility potential and the efficacy of invitro fertilization (IVF) after cancer treatment are also presented. (Asian J Andro l 2006 Sep; 8: 515-533)