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公元1861年,对于世界资本主义的确立发展,具有划时代的意义。在这一年里,欧洲最大的封建国家俄国,开始废除农奴制,走上了资本主义发展道路;而在意大利,加里波地的红衫军取得了决定性胜利,近代资本主义意大利王国宣告建立。在美洲,美国第二次资产阶级革命、即消灭南方黑人奴隶制的内战爆发,预示了美国资本主义新纪元的到来。在澳洲新西兰毛利人开始了长达十年之久的推翻英国殖民统治的武装起义。在亚洲最大的国家中国,历史发展也出现了重大转变,以致我们确实可以把这一年看作是中国近代社会初步形成的开端。
1861 AD, for the establishment and development of world capitalism, epoch-making significance. During this year, Russia, the largest feudal nation in Europe, began to abolish serfdom and embarked on the path of capitalist development. In Italy, the Red Shirts in Garibaldi made a decisive victory and the modern capitalist Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. In the Americas, the second bourgeois revolution in the United States, that is, the outbreak of the civil war to eliminate slavery in the South, foreshadowed the arrival of a new era of capitalism in the United States. In Australia, New Zealand’s Maori started a decade-long armed uprising to overthrow British colonial rule. In history, China, the largest country in Asia, has undergone a major shift so that we can indeed see this year as the beginning of the initial formation of modern Chinese society.