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《论语》中很多语句都成了格言警句,这些格言警句最大的特点是具有普适性。《论语》原文主要通过三个方面的手段表现这种普适性,一是格言警句不局限于具体的时间和地点,二是在时体特征上不作规定,三是诉诸无主句或由指类名词等充当句子的逻辑主语。由于这些语法特征,读者自然而然地将格言警句理解为超越时空的普遍真理,将逻辑主语想象成包括自己在内的任何人,进而领会其普遍适用性。英译文在表达这种普适性时采用一般现在时,不会添加表示具体时间或地点的环境成分,更多使用具有类指或泛指意义的名词或代词,较少出现逻辑主语缺省的情形。汉英两种语言在普适性表达上既有共性,也有差异,这可以追溯至两种语言的相关类型特征。
Many of the Analects of Confucius have become aphoristic aphorisms. The greatest feature of these aphorisms is universality. The Analects of Confucius mainly displays the universality by means of three aspects. First, the motto of aphorisms is not limited to a specific time and place. Second, it does not provide for the characteristics of the body. Third, Refers to the class noun as the logical subject of the sentence. Because of these grammatical features, the reader naturally interprets the aphorism as a universal truth that transcends time and space, imagines the logical subject as anyone, including himself, and thus understands its universal applicability. When English translations use the present tense in expressing such pervasiveness, they do not add environmental components that represent specific time or place, they use more nouns or pronouns with similar or generic meanings, and fewer occurrences of logical subject defaults situation. Both Chinese and English languages have commonalities and differences in pervasive expressions, which can be traced back to the related types of features in both languages.