关键词: 肉类罐头; 风险物质识别; 检测方法; 安全控制措施
中图分类号: TS 207.3 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1000-5137(2021)02-0198-09
Identification and safety control methods of three types of risks in canned meat:a review
WANG Yuanfeng, LIU Yuying, ZHU Qiaojuan, YANG Qihui, WANG Linghua,REN Yanan, XU Jingying, CHEN Huizhu, XU Naifeng*
(College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)
Abstract: Canned meat,with the advantages of convenience,hygiene,storability and so on,is popular with the market by satisfying the demands of daily meal replacement.However,canned meat products have high risks of contaminations of antibiotics,pathogenic bacteria and heavy metals in the process of raw materials,processing,transportation and storage.These potential pollutions will destroy the visual functions of canned contents like color,fragrance and flavor,but also pose great threats to human health and life safety.Therefore,we discussed three types of potential risks of canned meat products with the pollution sources,detection methods and safety control measures in this paper,in order to promote the safety of the products and protect human health.
Key words: canned meat; identification of risk substance; detection method; safety control measure
0 引 言
動物性食品是提供许多重要营养素的产品之一.食品工业采用了许多技术,将产品包装在金属罐、玻璃瓶或塑料容器中,使产品的货架寿命更长[1].肉类罐头是以畜、禽、鱼肉等为原料,经低盐腌制、清洗、预煮、上色、干燥、真空油炸、切块、真空渗透调味等工序加工而成的商业无菌罐装食品.肉类罐头能基本上保持原料肉的色、香、味,是一种较好的储藏食品的方法,且具有方便、卫生等优点,能适应人们日常生活需求,广受欢迎.我国目前已经成为全球最大的罐头生产国和出口国[2].畜、禽等在饲养过程中,由于不合理地使用抗生素等原因,致使抗生素在其肉类中残留,长期食用会形成抗生素耐药性[3].据报道,到2050年,每年将有1 000万人死于抗生素耐药,严重威胁着人体健康和生命安全[4].同时,肉类罐头在机械加工、包装和储存过程中,也容易受到微生物[5-7]和重金属污染[8-10],导致食源性疾病或机体损伤,当细菌浓度达到一定程度,还会产生毒素,使肉表面发黏.本文作者综述了目前对肉类罐头中抗生素、微生物和重金属这3种风险物质的检测方法和安全控制措施,以期为后续提高肉类罐头产品的食用安全、保障人民健康等方面的研究提供参考.
1 肉类罐头中的潜在风险物质
1.1 抗生素污染
抗生素是某些微生物在代谢过程中产生的能抑制或杀灭病原微生物的化学物质,主要分为氯霉素类、硝基呋喃类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类等.抗生素滥用会导致细菌对能抑制其生长繁殖的抗生素产生耐药性,这种产生耐药性的菌株可以通过各种途径感染人体[11-12].不仅如此,抗生素的残留也会造成人和动物体内肠道菌群的微生态改变,增加条件性致病菌感染的风险[13].在大规模养殖活动中,抗生素常被直接添加到饲料中,以改善动物健康状况并促进其生长,抗生素对动物的生长促进效果是其他饲料添加剂所无法比拟的.然而,一些养殖户为谋取利益最大化,罔顾法律道德规范,违规使用抗生素,如重复用药、加大剂量、延期用药、违反休药期规定、违规添加抗菌药物等.某些抗生素类药物如硝基呋喃类,甚至具有致癌、胚胎畸变、基因突变等风险,这些药物一旦在肉中残留,会通过食物链在人体内富集,对人体健康和生命安全构成威胁. 1.2 微生物污染
肉类罐头中的肉通常为熟肉,熟肉制品因沙门氏菌、李斯特氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等引发的食源性疾病的风险概率较高[14].肉类罐头的微生物污染来源一般包含内源性污染和外源性污染.内源性污染是指动物体内自身携带的微生物,如淋巴结、呼吸道和肠道等部位常含有多种微生物.外源性污染指在屠宰、加工、包装、运输等过程中,由机械设备、环境等因素引起的微生物污染[15].例如由沙门氏菌引起的食源性疾病,具有很高的人畜共患潜力,在畜禽和人身上都会引起潜在的致命感染风险[16].
1.3 重金属污染
矿物开采、工业废水、化石燃料燃烧等,是造成土壤、空气、水重金属污染的主要原因,经由食物链在动物体内形成Pb,Cd,Hg,As等重金属元素的累积,并与体内一些蛋白质或酶发生反应,使蛋白质或酶失去活性,进而影响整个机体的正常功能[17].Fe,Mn,Zn等元素是家禽生长的必需微量元素,使用剂量合理可以促进生长发育,但部分养殖户为追求短期利益,在家禽饲料中过量添加这些微量元素,导致家禽体内重金属残留.另外,由于我国罐头绝大部分采用金属包装,如鱼肉罐头通常是铝质罐头包装,在生产加工中容易出现金属迁移,造成重金属Pb含量超标,如果罐头内容物为酸性或碱性物质,就会加剧重金属的析出[18].
2 检测方法
2.1 肉罐头中抗生素检测
2.1.1 基于超高效液相色谱分析
超高效液相色谱法具有检出限低、高灵敏度和高选择性等优势,该方法高效、成本低,适用于日常检测工作,常和质谱法联用(图1).由于禽肉质食品中残留抗生素通常浓度低、化合物结构差异较大,超高效液相色谱法现已成为检测复杂动物组织样品中兽药残留的主流方法.但其缺点是大多只能检测一种或一类药物,且对前期处理的要求较高,容易受到杂峰干扰导致测定结果不准确[19].侯美玲等[20]通过超高效液相色谱法-串联质谱法同时检测畜禽肉中4类抗生素及镇定剂类药物残留,结果表明:29种兽药在0.5~200 ng?mL-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.993以上,检出限为0.5~5.0 μg?kg-1;分别进行低、中、高加标实验,平均回收率为63.2%~112.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2%~14.2%(n=6). SHEN等[21]建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)对鱼肉进行万古霉素和去甲万古霉素的残留量测定,特别是对高脂肪鱼种进行分析,并在多重反应监测模式(MRM)下,得到了准确可靠的分析结果.LEHOTAY等[22]采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对鲶鱼和即食肉中176种兽药残留量进行检测,结果表明:该法测得的回收率为70%~120%,相对标准偏差小于25%,且操作简单、通量高,可以满足鱼类和即食肉类基质中许多不同靶向药物的常规监测和其他监测需求.
2.1.2 基于酶联免疫吸附分析
酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)是迄今为止最可靠的免疫分析方法之一,基于抗原与抗体特异性免疫反应,通过观察酶标记抗体产生的颜色反应,从而达到检测抗生素污染的目的.该方法具有选择性高、检出限低、操作简便、适用范围广等特点.但由于其原理是基于一类化合物的共同基团的免疫反应,只能检测一类化合物的总量,而无法对每种化合物分别检测并定量.同时,ELISA依赖于特定抗原的设计和合成,对于没有合适对应抗原的抗生素则无法检测,具有一定的局限性.IWASAKI Y等[23]通过对比ELISA和高效液相色谱-荧光分析法检测肉中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs),发现前者耗时更短,但同时也因有机物之间的交叉反应,使得ELISA在检测氟FQs的应用中受到限制.LU等[24]研究建立了一种新的敏感特异性单克隆抗体间接竞争性酶联免疫吸附实验,用于检测食用动物组织中抗生素恩拉霉素残留量.将该实验的结果与高效液相色谱分析结果对比,呈现较好的线性关系,证实了该方法能适用于快速检测动物组织中抗生素恩拉霉素的残留.YA?MUR等[25]在研究氯霉素(CAP)在海鲈鱼中残留情况时,采用ELISA对样品进行氯霉素残留分析,结果表明:有18.3%的样品被氯霉素污染,在阳性样品中氯霉素的平均残留量为(4.25±2.78)ng?kg-1. BAHMANI等[26]在進行红肉、家禽肉等动物源性食品中四环素的监测与风险评估时,采用酶联免疫吸附试验,检测出肉中的四环素平均浓度排序由高到低依次为:鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑、奶牛、小牛、山羊、绵羊、虹鳟鱼、虾.
2.1.3 基于微生物抑制法分析
微生物抑制法[27]利用不同种类抗生素对抗菌谱内细菌生长、繁殖具有一定抑制作用的特性,是初步筛选食品基质中抗生素残留和大规模监测方案的首选方法,适合一些限量值较高的抗生素的快速筛选.该方法不仅符合成本效益原则,能减少需要用昂贵的物理化学方法确认分析的样本数量,且能检测出任何具有抗菌活性的抗生素或代谢物,但其缺点在于检出浓度和检出限较高,且不能做到精确定量.必须指出的是,在一些欧盟成员国中,有一些具体的控制方案使用的是微生物抑制实验[28]. 2.2 肉罐头中的微生物检测
2.2.1 聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法检测
基于引物DNA序列特异性的多重PCR技术,能够实现同时对多种微生物进行检测或鉴定[29],该技术关键点在于对PCR热循环过程进行精确的温度控制[30],具有很高的特异性,缺点是技术要求高(例如引火温度控制等),且需要昂贵的特殊仪器设备.刘红玉等[31]根据金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌、沙门氏菌和单核李斯特菌的基因设计引物,通过优化好的反应体系进行多重PCR扩增目的基因,结果表明:4种菌均能在相应位置扩增出特异性条带,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的检出限为102 CFU?mL-1,志贺氏菌和单核增生李斯特菌的检出限是101 CFU?mL-1.BAHLINGER等[32]采用多重PCR技术,检测肉及肉制品中假单胞菌、肠杆菌和葡萄球菌,该方法的灵敏度为100%,特异性为99%~100%,适用于检测灭活微生物.WANG等[33]建立了对猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV 2)基因型、PCV 2a、PCV 2b和PCV 2d的多重定量实时PCR(mqPCR)检测方法,并进行了验证,结果显示:用mqPCR检测到的目标病毒没有相互交叉反应,也没有与其他常见的猪病毒发生交叉反应.余春林等[34]研究建立了一种能快速检测沙门氏菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌等3种细菌性病原的多重PCR方法,能特异性地扩增出目标条带,鉴别死菌和活菌,灵敏度可达10-5.
2.2.2 平板计数法
平板菌落计数法,通过稀释待测样品,将其中的微生物分散成单个细胞,然后取适量稀释样液涂布到平板上,一定条件下培养后形成肉眼可见的菌落,统计菌落数,根据稀释倍数和取样量算出样品中的菌落总数.平板计数法有实验步骤繁琐、实验操作时间长和效率较低等缺点,且由于待测样品不易完全分散成单个细胞,所以平板菌落计数的结果往往偏低[35].SENGUN等[36]在研究用有机果醋腌制过的牛肉食源性病原菌的影响时,采用平板计数法检测沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和大肠杆菌等病原菌的菌落数.CAVA等[37]在研究高静压(600 MPa,8 min,16 ℃)和贮藏温度(4 ℃和18 ℃)对传统干腌肉制品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌数量的影响时,采用了平板计数法,根据ISO 11290—2017,以显色琼脂培养基为选择性培养基,对李斯特菌进行筛选和计数.HAMIDI等[38]在研究中性电解质水、过氧乙酸及其组合对室温浸泡10 min的鲜鸡胸肉中微生物的数量影响时,同样采用平板计数法来检测假单胞杆菌的数量.
2.2.3 镜 检
镜检是现阶段微生物检测中较为常用的方法,不仅可以直观地检测出食品中微生物的数量和形态,还因其简便性和快捷性大大提高了检测效率,其缺点是主观性强,适用于大分子微生物物质的检测.AYSE[39]在研究荧光原位杂交法对冷冻鲜鸡胸肉片、火鸡胸片和碎牛肉中李斯特菌含量的影响时,将微生物的核酸序列与标记的特定DNA探针杂交,在显微镜下进行成像,达到定量、直观检测微生物的目的.
2.3 肉罐头中重金属检测
2.3.1 原子吸收光谱法
原子吸收光谱法是依椐处于气态的被测元素基态原子对该元素的原子共振辐射有强烈的吸收作用而建立的.该法具有检出限低、准确度高、选择性好和分析速度快等优点,但是具有检测精度低、价格昂贵和无法进行多元素分析等缺点.MOLOGNONI等[40]利用原子吸收光谱法检测越南川山甲鱼片中重金属砷、镉、铅、铜、铬的含量,结果显示它们的检出限位分别为0.544 3,0.004 0,0.028 4,0.003 7,0.000 4 mg?kg-1,回收率在93%~107%之间,RSD小于8%.俞志强等[41]采用石墨炉和火焰原子吸收光谱法测定所饲养白鹅肌肉和肝脏中铅、镉、砷、鉻、铜的残留量,结果显示:As在鹅肉和鹅肝样品中均未检出,Pb,Cd和 Cr的含量均未超过《GB 2762—2012食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》中重金属的限量.
2.3.2 高效液相色谱法
以液体为流动相,采用高压输液系统,将具有不同极性的单一溶剂或不同比例的混合溶剂、缓冲液等流动相泵入装有固定相的色谱柱,在柱内各成分被分离后,进入检测器进行检测,从而实现同时对多个试样的检测分析.ICHINOKI等[42]利用溶剂萃取-反相高效液相色谱法同时测定牛肝和牡蛎组织中的重金属,包括镉、镍、铅、锌、钴、铜和铋,在5.0×10-7~8.5×10-4的质量分数范围内,对Cd,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cu进行了准确测定,标准偏差约为7%. 2.3.3 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)
ICP-MS目前已经是分析痕量元素的最有效的方法之一,具有检出限低(达ng?mL-1级别或更低)、基体效应小、谱线简单、检测速度快、多元素同时测定等优势[43],同时也可用于对食品包装接触材料中重金属的检测.其缺点是存在复杂的质谱和非质谱干扰,须排除基质干扰以确保检测结果的准确性.刁春霞等[44]采用ICP-MS对带鱼中残留的重金属汞、砷、钒、锑、钡进行检测,结果显示它们的检出限分别为:0.018,0.032,0.034,0.045,0.027 μg?kg-1,平均加标回收率在83.9%~104.2%.该方法的重复性良好,适用于对带鱼等水产品中重金属的快速检测.SKIBNIEWSKI等[45]采用ICP-MS对波兰西南部和东北部两个地区狩猎的马鹿肌肉中重金属元素铅、铜、锌、铷、铯和钡含量进行测定,得出马鹿肌肉中的重金属含量不会对成年人构成伤害的结论.
2.3.4 共振光散射法
共振光散射技术,是基于普通荧光分光光度计进行重金属检测的光散射分析技术,可用于对痕量元素的检测分析[46].金属膜表面的等离子体波与倏逝波发生能量耦合,产生共振,若将金属膜由金属纳米粒子替代,则纳米粒子表面的自由电子集体会受迫振动,发生局域共振,即LSPR,LSPR会影响纳米粒子溶液的颜色,利用这种颜色的变化可以测定环境溶液的浓度变化[47].江虹等[48]采用共振光散射法检测肉罐头中重金属元素Hg(Ⅱ)的浓度,得出结论:在最大共振散射峰附近,当Hg(Ⅱ)的质量浓度范围在0.005~0.400 mg?L-1时,Hg(Ⅱ)的检测定量限为0.032 mg?kg-1,加标回收率为98.5%~102.0%,RSD为2.0%~2.5%,适用于罐头食品中Hg(Ⅱ)的测定.
3 安全控制措施
3.1 抗生素污染控制
控制抗生素污染的方法包括:寻找抗生素替代品,如益生素、益生元、有机酸及植物提取物;正确使用抗生素药物,对症治疗,防止细菌耐药性产生,防止影响免疫反应,注意pH值对抗生素疗效的影响,注意药物之间的配伍禁忌、正确的给药途径以及注意控制抗生素的残留.Gabriela等[49]在肉雞饲料中添加姜黄素和郁金香提取物,观察其是否能改善肉鸡的生长健康和肉质,结果表明:姜黄素和郁金香提取物可以取代传统生长促进剂的添加剂,改善肉鸡的健康状况,提高食用安全性.
3.2 微生物污染控制
在罐头食品中,微生物引发腐败及产生毒素一直是食品安全关注的重点,抑制和消灭微生物是罐头食品的重点工作.一方面要根据产品特点确定关键控制环节进行微生物监控,必要时应建立食品加工过程的微生物监控程序,包括生产环境的微生物监控和过程产品的微生物监控[50].食品加工过程的微生物监控程序应包括:微生物监控指标、取样点、监控频率、取样和检测方法、评判原则和整改措施等,结合生产工艺及产品特点制定.另一方面要建立完善的风险评估模型和体系,对食品中微生物污染发生的概率和严重程度进行评估[51].
3.3 重金属污染控制
目前我国的肉类产品重金属残留形势依然紧迫,只有不断完善原材料源头、生产过程和监督监测,才能将畜产品重金属残留问题把控在合理范围之内[52];养殖户要严格把控养殖环境、合理选择养殖方式、规范使用饲料,树立全面质量管理的意识;生产厂家应加强对原料、容器和工艺流程中的检测工作;政府应因地制宜,制定出符合当地状况的重金属排放标准,完善落实相关重金属治理体系.
4 结 语
肉类罐头在加工、包装、储存过程中会产生一些风险物质,如本文中总结的微生物、重金属、抗生素等,这些物质残留浓度超标会严重影响人类健康,因此必须找出能快速灵敏检测这些风险物质的方法.这既需要生产厂家严格把控各个生产环节,尽可能降低污染的概率,有效改善食品卫生状况,也需要在产品流入市场前积极做好风险物质的检测、监管工作,确保产品质量,保障我国食品行业的持续和健康发展.
参考文献:
[1] KOWALSKA G,PANKIEWICZ U,KOWALSKI R.Determination of the level of selected elements in canned meat and fish and risk assessment for consumer health [J].Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry,2020,10:2148.
[2] 赵素娟,包琴,廖祺恺.罐头食品行业状况与其生产安全风险因素分析 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2020,11(22):8521-8527. ZHAO S J,BAO Q,LIAO Q K.Analysis of the situation of canned food industry and the risk factors of production safety [J].Journal of Food Safety and Quality Inspection,2020,11(22):8521-8527.
[3] 李盟军,申健,姚建武,等.某规模化猪场废水中抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估 [J].农业环境科学学报,2021,40(4):884-893.
LI M J,SHEN J,YAO J W,et al.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of antibiotics in wastewater from a large-scale piggery [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2021,40(4):884-893.
[4] REDER C,BENDAS G.Biosensor applications in the field of antibiotic research:a review of recent developments [J].Sensors,2011,11(10):9450-9466.
[5] GRISPOLDI L,POPESCU P A,KARAMA M,et al.Study on the growth and enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureusin canned meat before retorting [J].Toxins,2019,11(5):291.
[6] 李鵬.2018年酒泉市部分地区市售牛羊肉食源性致病菌污染情况调查与分析 [J].中国草食动物科学,2020,40(5):53-55.
LI P.Investigation and analysis of foodborne pathogenis contamination of beef and mution in some area of Jiuquan city in 2018 [J].Chinese Herbivorous Animal Science,2020,40(5):53-55.
[7] 雷元华,孙宝忠,谢鹏,等.畜禽屠宰微生物污染控制技术现状 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2019,10(24):8531-8538.
LEI Y H,SUN B Z,XIE P,et al.Current situation of microbiological pollution control technology in slaught of livestock and poultry [J],Journal of Food Safety and Quality,2019,10(24):8531-8538.
[8] BILAND?I? N,SEDAK M,?ALOPEK B,et al.Dietary exposure of the adult Croatian population to meat,liver and meat products from the Croatian market:health risk assessment [J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2021,95:103672.
[9] 赵琦,王丰好.鱼肉蛋奶中汞含量的检测分析 [J].现代食品,2020(21):164-166.
ZHAO Q,WANG F H.Determination and analysis of mercury content in fish egg milk [J].Modern Food,2020(21):164-166.
[10] AENDO P,NETVICHIAN R,KHAODHIAR S,et al.Pb,Cd,and Cu play a major role in health risk from contamination in duck meat and offal for food production in thailand [J].Biol Trace Elem,2020,198:243-252.
[11] REIS A C,KOLVENBACH B A,OLGA C,et al.Corvini biodegradation of antibiotics:the new resistance determinants-(part Ⅱ) [J].New Biotechnology,2019,13(8):13-27.
[12] HANG L,XIN H,XIAO L Y,et al.Dissipation and persistence of sulfonamides,quinolones and tetracyclines in anaerobically digested biosolids and compost during short-term storage under natural conditions [J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,20(9):58-66.
[13] 余军楠,方昊,胡建林,等.江苏四个典型克氏原螯虾养殖区抗生素污染特征与生态风险评估 [J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(2):386-393.
YU J N,FANG H,HU J L,et al.Characteristics and ecological risk assessment of antibiotic contamination in four typical Carrillae breeding areas in Jiangsu [J].Journal of Agricultural Environmental Sciences,2020,39(2):386-393.
[14] 曾淳子,余超,李迎月,等.2015—2017年广州市某食品厂低温肉灌肠生产加工过程微生物污染状况及风险分析 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2020,11(16):5583-5587.
ZENG C Z,YU C,LI Y Y,et al.The analysis of microbial contamination and risk about low temperature meat enema production and processing in a food factory in Guangzhou [J].Journal of Food Safety and Quality Inspection,2020,11(16):5583-5587.
[15] 甄宗圓,胡雪洁,徐留艳,等.肉类微生物多样性分析方法的研究进展 [J].生物加工过程,2020,18(3):381-385.
ZHEN Z Y,HU X J,XU L Y,et al.Advances in methods of microbial diversity analysis in meat [J].Biological Processes,2020,18(3):381-385.
[16] JIANG Z H,ANWAR T M,PENG X Q,et al.Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella recovered from pig-borne food products in Henan,China [J].Food Control,2021,121:107535.
[17] 卢玉曦.色谱法用于食品及药品中重金属离子检测方法的研究 [D].烟台:烟台大学,2017.
LU Y X.Determination of heavy metal ion in food and drug by chromatography [D].Yantai:Yantai University,2017.
[18] 郑大明.浅谈重金属的危害及其在食品包装材料上的快速检测方法 [J].现代食品,2020(16):122-124.
ZHENG D M.Discussion on the harm of heavy metals and its rapid detection method on food packaging materials [J].Modern Food,2020(16):122-124.
[19] 吴婉琴,范小龙,黄坤,等.超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肉中9种大环内酯类抗生素 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2021,12(1):34-42.
WU W Q,FAN X L,HUANG K,et al.Determination of 9 macrolides antibiotics in chicken by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J],Journal of Food Safety and Quality Inspection,2021,12(1):34-42.
[20] 候美玲,董宪兵,李红丽,等.超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测畜禽肉中抗生素及镇静剂类兽药残留 [J].食品与发酵科技,2020,56(3):113-117,126.
HOU M L,DONG X B,LI H L ,et al.UHF liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) simultaneous detection of antibiotic and sedative veterinary drug residues in livestock and poultry meat [J].Food and Fermentation Technology,2020,56(3):113-117,126.
[21] SHEN Q,ZHU X F,ZHAO Q L,et al.QuEChERS and 96-well plate solid phase extraction for determination of vancomycin and norvancomycin in fish meat by UPLC-MS/MS [J].Food Chemistry,2020,342:128326.
[22] LEHOTAY J S,LIGHTFIELD R A.Extract-and-inject analysis of veterinary drug residues in catfish and ready-to-eat meats by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J].Journal of AOAC International,2020,103:584-606.
[23] IWASAKI Y,ITO T,KITAMURA W,et al.Analysis of fluoro-quinolones in meat samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HPLC [J].Bunseki Kagaku,2006,55(12):943-948.
[24] LU X Y,CHEN G F,QIAN Y,et al.Development of a new monoclonal antibody by more active enramycin a and indirect competitive elisa for the detection of enramycin in edible animal tissues [J].Food Analytical Methods.2019,12:1895-1904.
[25] DO?AN Y,PAMUK ?,G?RLER Z.Chloramphenicol and sulfonamide residues in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fish from aquaculture farm [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2020,27:41248-41252.
[26] BAHMANI K,SHAHBAZI Y,NIKOUSEFAT Z.Monitoring and risk assessment of tetracycline residues in foods of animal origin [J].Food Science and Biotechnology,2020,29:441-448.
[27] KO??ROV? I,JU???KOV? D,?IMKOV? J,et al.Effective screening of antibiotic and coccidiostat residues in food of animal origin by reliable broad-spectrum residue screening tests [J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2020,19:1,487-501.
[28] 阮雁春.多重PCR檢测技术在食品微生物检测中的应用价值分析 [J].现代食品,2019(20):127-128. RUAN Y C.Value analysis of multi PCR detection technology in food microbial detection [J].Application Modern Food,2019(20):127-128.
[29] 王承平,林毅侃,雷涛,等.畜禽肉中抗生素残留检测技术研究进展 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2019,10(17):5582-5589.
WANG C P,LIN Y K,LEI T,et al.Advances in the detection of antibiotic residue in livestock and poultry meat [J].Food Safety and Quality Inspection,2019,10(17):5582-5589.
[30] KUMAR Y.Isothermal amplification-based methods for assessment of microbiological safety and authenticity of meat and meat products [J].Food Control,2021,121:107679
[31] 刘红玉,李岩,崔洪斌.肉中4种致病菌的PCR快速检测方法的建立 [J].食品科学,2011,32(6):213-216.
LIU H Y,LI Y,CUI H B.The establishment of PCR rapid detection method for four pathogenic bacteria in meat [J].Food Science,2011,32(6):213-216.
[32] BAHLINGER E,DORN-IN S,BEINDORF P M,et al.Development of two specific multiplex qPCRs to determine amounts of pseudomonas,enterobacteriaceae,brochothrix thermosphacta and staphylococcus in meat and heat-treated meat products [J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,2021,337:108932.
[33] WANG Y,NOLL L,PORTER E,et al.Development of a differential multiplex real-time PCR assay for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes PCV2a,PCV2b and PCV2d [J].Journal of Virological Methods,2020,286:113971.
[34] 余春林,杨礼,陈家磊,等.鸡细菌性病原多重PCR检测方法的建立及应用 [J].兽医导刊,2020(23):125-126.
YU C L,YANG L,CHEN J L,et al.The establishment and application of multiple PCR detection method for chicken bacterial pathogens [J].China Veterinary Guide,2020(23):125-126.
[35] 王曦,蘇章庭,李宏,等.平板计数法与纸片法检测食品微生物菌落总数的比较研究 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2020,11(16):5489-5493.
WANG X,SU Z T,LI H,et al.Comparative study on the total number of food microbial colonies detected by plate counting method and paper method [J].Journal of Food Safety and Quality,2020,11(16):5489-5493.
[36] SENGUN I Y,TURP G Y,CICEK S N,et al.Assessment of the effect of marination with organic fruit vinegars on safety and quality of beef [J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,2021,336:108904.
[37] CAVA R,HIGUERO N,LADERO L.High-pressure processing and storage temperature on Listeria monocytogenes,microbial counts and oxidative changes of two traditional dry-cured meat products [J].Meat Science,2021,171:108273.
[38] HAMIDI R M, SHEKARFOROUSH S S,HOSSEINZADEH S.Evaluation of the effect of neutral electrolyzed water and peroxyacetic acid alone and in combination on microbiological,chemical,and sensory characteristics of poultry meat during refrigeration storage [J].Journal Indexing and Metrics,2020,10:1177.
[39] BAYSAL A H.Comparison of conventional culture method and fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for detection of Listeria spp.in ground beef,turkey,and chicken breast fillets in ?zmir,Turkey [J].Journal of Food Protection,2014,77 (12):2021-2030.
[40] MOLOGNONI L,VITALI L,PLO?NCIO L A,et al.Determining the arsenic,cadmium,lead,copper and chromium contents by atomic absorption spectrometry in Pangasius fillets from Vietnam [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2016,96(9):3109-3113.
[41] 喻志强,雷正达,张益书,等.四川白鹅产品中重金属残留的检测与安全性评价 [J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2017(17):282-285.
YU Z Q,LEI Z D,ZHANG Y S,et al.Detection and safety evaluation of heavy metal residues in Sichuan white goose products [J].Heilongjiang Livestock and Veterinary Surgeons,2017(17):282-285.
[42] ICHINOKI S,MORITA T,YAMAZAKI M.Simultaneous determination of heavy metals in bovine liver and oyster tissue by solvent extraction-reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography [J].Journal of Liquid Chromatography,2011,7(12):2467-2482.
[43] 张扬,吕建菁.ICP-MS法测定食品、食品添加剂及食品包装材料中重金属元素的研究进展 [J].中国酿造,2020,39(8):22-25.
ZHANG Y,LYU J J.Advance in the determination of heavy metal elements in food,food additives and food packaging materials by ICP-MS [J].China Brewing,2020,39(8):22-25.
[44] 刁春霞,喬秋菊,黄为红.ICP-MS法检测带鱼中汞、砷、钒、锑、钡重金属污染物残留 [J].分析仪器,2020(5):42-45.
DIAO C X,QIAO Q J,HUANG W H.Determination of mercury,arsenic,vanadium,antimony and barium in hairtail by ICP-MS [J].Analytical Instrumentation,2020(5):42-45.
[45] SKIBNIEWSKI M,SKIBNIEWSKA E M,KO?LA T.The content of selected metals in muscles of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Poland [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22:8425-8431.
[46] 张梦娇,冯朝岭,刘小标,等.重金属离子检测方法研究进展 [J].科学技术与工程,2020,20(9):3404-3413.
ZHANG M J,FENG C L,LIU X B,et al.Advances in detection of heavy metal [J].Technology and Engineering,2020,20(9):3404-3413.
[47] 王文华,吴胜旭,李思东,等.重金属离子的光学检测方法综述 [J].传感器与微系统,2019,38(1):1-3,11.
WANG W H,WU S X,LI S D,et al.A review of optical detection methods for heavy metal ion [J].Sensors and Microsystems,2019,38(1):1-3,11.
[48] 江虹,庞向东,秦艾,等.以三苯甲烷染料酸性品红作探针检测罐头肉中的痕量Hg [J].食品与发酵工业,2017,43(7):222-226.
JIANG H,PANG X D,QIN A,et al.Determination of trace Hg in canned meat by acid fuchsin using tibenzomethane dye as probe [J].Food and Fermentation Industry,2017,43(7):222-226.
[49] GABRIELA M,LUIZ G,MARCEL M,et al.Effects of curcumin and yucca extract addition in feed of broilers on microorganism control(anticoccidial and antibacterial),health,performance and meat quality [J].Research in Veterinary Science,2020,132:156-166.
[50] SONCU E D,OZDEMIR N,ARSLAN B,et al.Contribution of surface application of chitosan-thyme and chitosan-rosemary essential oils to the volatile composition,microbial profile,and physicochemical and sensory quality of dry-fermented sausages during storage [J].Meat Science,2020,166:108.
[51] HABIB I,COLES J,FALLOWS M,et al.Human campylobacteriosis related to cross-contamination during handling of raw chicken meat:application of quantitative risk assessment to guide intervention scenarios analysis in the Australian context [J].International Journal of Food Microbiology,2020,332:108775.
[52] ALIPOUR M,SARAFRAZ M,CHAVOSHI H,et al.The concentration and probabilistic risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in fillets of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus):a global systematic review and meta-analysis [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2021,100(2):169-182.
(責任编辑:顾浩然,冯珍珍)